Treaty of Versailles :: essays research papers

At eleven O clock on the morning of November 11, 1918, the fighting ceased on the western front in France, Belgium. For almost four geezerhood the humans watched the bloodiest and most expensive wars in history. Now at last, the return of peace that was so desperately desired became a reality.Two months later the representatives of the victorious powers in Paris to write the treaties of peace. The most eventful of these agreements was first to be completed. In less than four months the representatives of the German government were summoned to a suburb of Paris. There, in the vestibule of Mirrors in the swell Palace of the French Kings, they signed the documents that formally brought World War I to an end. The Versailles Palace thus gave the name to one of the most important treaties of Paris and in History. Out of the Versailles Treaty came the league of Nations, one of mankinds attempts to find a means of abolishing war. Many people that signed the Treaty of Versailles struggl ed with each other. around people believed there were there to find a just and lasting peace, while others were there with vengeance on the mind towards Germany.The treaty also brought or so conditions that aided Adolf Hitlers rise to power in Germany. Italso played a significant role in causing World War II, only 20 years later.With the signing of the armistice, discussion in Europe had turned to where the Peace Conference would be held. The question of where this meeting would take place caused discord. The United States and Great Britain favored small cities such as Geneva or Lausanne in neutral Switzerland, but the French insisted on Paris.(Vaughan 10) The reason behind this was because forty-eight years earlier, France suffered a crushing defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, The citizens of Paris watched a Prussian army match down the Champs Elysees and under the Arc de Triomphe(Hankey 23). On January 18, 1871, Bismarck and the German princes had proclaimed the birth of the Ge rman Empire in the Hall of Mirrors of the Versailles Palace(Knapton173). Now that the tables were turned, France wanted to pay back Germany for the humiliation they suffered. The setting for this conference was much disparate from the 1815 Congress of Vienna. There, a defeated France stood at the mercy of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and British Conquerors. So it was decided on that the conference would take place in Paris.

The Changing Faith :: essays research papers

?The Changing Faith?The story, ?Young Goodman dark-brown?, by Nathaniel Hawthorne was in fact a very mysterious and pleasurable story to read. The main character, Goodman Brown, is faced to deal with the true colors of the town?s people and his own family as the daystar depict and showed to him. He then comes very confused and unconfident in his faith. Because of the meeting with the devil, Goodman Brown faces a change of faith in his family, the town?s people, and himself. Goodman Brown was a good man. He is a very known in the village of Salem. His married woman, Faith is a very compelling and loving woman. His faith of his lovely wife then changes after he finds her pink ribbon hanging on a branch of a tree. By Brown then states, ?Faith...look up to heaven, and resist the wicked one? (pg 238), proves that his Faith too was wick Goodman Brown believes that all the people in the town are good people. Brown?s faith in them shows great confidence, but it all changes after his mee ting with the devil. In the woods Brown states that, ?My father never went into the woods in such(prenominal) an errand? (pg 233), verifying that he was the only one in his family that took that journey. He also states that his family was, a race of honest men and good Christians since the days of the martyrs? (pg 233). When Goodman Brown tells the devil that his family was good people, the devil stated that, ?I helped your grandfather, the constable, when he lashed the Quaker woman?it was I that brought your father a pitch-pine knot, kindled at my own hearth, to set kindling to an Indian village? (pg 233). This led Goodman Brown into a state of confusion and his faith was challenged.?Where there is good there is always evil? (RH). Later as they walk, Brown sees his catechism teacher, but the devil shows him her true colors. By the woman stating that, ?... my broomstick hath strangely disappeared, stolen, as I suspect, by that unhanged witch, Goody Cory. And that, too, when I was anointed with the juice of smallage, and cinquefoil, and wildcat?s bane? (pg 234), verified that she was a wicked witch. The devil also told him about the town people. For instance, the deacons who got drunk off the communion wine. While in the woods, Brown overheard two men, which appeared to be the deacon and minister of the church, talking about the unclean crimes that they have involved in.

Free Capital Punishment Essays - Murderers and Rapists Deserve Another Chance! :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Capital Punishment Essays - Murderers and Rapists Deserve Another Chance When turning on the television, radio, or simply disruption the local newspaper, one is bombarded with news of arrests, murders, homicides, serial killers, and other such tragedies. It is a rare occasion to go throughout a day in this institution and not hear of these things. So what should be done about this crime rate? Not only is it committing a crime, but today, it is signing your life either over to the government. This is a risk one is taking when he decides to pull a trigger or plunge a knife, but is it really up to our justness system to decide ones fate? There are many issues that address this question of capital punishment such as religion, the effect on society, replication being denied, the possible wrongly accused, and the rights of the convicted. But how often do these concepts creep into the publics mind when it hears of our fair, trusty government taking away someones breathing rights? The Bible states constant of gravitation shalt not kill, and this being a blurt out should have to be amended within oneself. However, the Bible also states Dont judge others personal convictions. It is the governments responsibility to punish mountain that disobey the law to keep our world in tact but is it their right to take away their lives? It is a Christians responsibility to point out to those who sin that they do so and this country, trusting in God as it says it does, should do just that. So if the government stands strongly by this statement thats on the dollar sign bill, may they line up all the liars, adulterers, Buddhists, thieves, covetous and murderers at the chair. If they shall look into this one sin as so evil may they see all ten commandments so holy. The society is so confused as to what is right. More and more children are becoming murderers themselves. The reason is obvious they see that if they kill someone they go to jail, get the death penalty, and the government, who they know as the good guy kills them for punishment. Lesson learned the finger is pointing to its own actions. Learning morals is only as sticky as people make it. Why complicate things? Some people think that restitution is granted when one is sentenced to the death penalty.

Stimulus/Response Versus Input/Output Theory: An Orientation to the Syntax of Scientific Literature :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Stimulus/Response Versus Input/Output Theory An Orientation to the Syntax of Scientific Literature There appears to be a steady require at heart the scientific and lay community to explain events which occur in the universe in a concrete absolute fashion. This most likely extends from an unconscious(p) (or conscious) need to control the world around us. Such control fag end give a sense of gage regarding our future. If we can explain why events happen, we can attempt to predict when and for what reason events will precipitate sometime in the future. Being equal to(predicate) to(p) to predict the future leads to a greater feeling of security and control. However, it has been shown through decades of research that behavioral events are not predictable. Researchers tend to conclude that if they are to truly understand behavior accordingly they must be able to develop a system which allows them to forecast the occurrence of certain behavior patterns. Conversely, if they are unabl e to state consecutively when and why a pattern is presented then they have failed to understand the event. In order to retain a sense that the universe is orderly the unpredictable results are often explained through the fault of the experimenter, that adequate control was not kept over the experimental situation. Through the Harvard Law of Animal Behavior (under carefully controlled experimental circumstances, an animal will dissemble as it damned well pleases.) these failed experiments are incorporated into a succinct postulate which allows for the exploration of reason and desirability of such unpredictability (1). Through lectures, reading, and mankind Wide Web research done during the current semester I am moving from a comment/response theory to an input/ take theory. The stimulus/response theory let experimenters believe that the unpredictable behaviors (responses) they had observed were due to inadequately controlled stimuli. An input/output theory allows for, and seems t o respite on, the fact that many behaviors initiate from the internal (spontaneous) generation of outputs. Internal origination is fundamental to many aspects of commonly observed behavior (biological clocks, innate endogenous rhythm, and other innate behaviors) and the presence of these behaviors seems to rest on something other then concrete stimuli from the external world. The syntax of many of the studies found on the Web leads me to conclude that these scientists are searching for an input/output behavioral system yet are unable to adequately document such a clear relationship. This inability most likely stems from the recently discussed phenomena of bidirectionality within and outside the most broad input/output box (Lecture, Bio 202).

a past will haunt me :: essays research papers

My lungs filled with thick, sticky fog at three oclock in the morning time. It made the morning look vile and shivering. My hands were cold as ice. I am just about to sound in my boyfriends blue jetta. I had a feeling in my stomach that I shouldnt have got in his car. Of coarse I denied my self-conscious. Drugs and alcohol are flowing through our shopworn bodies. I was so eager to get into my warm bed. My friend Kyle had to work in a couple of hours so I told him that we would give him a loosen home. I sensed his jealousy escalating as soon as he started to drive. I decided to ignore him and that seemed to make the moment worst. As soon as we dropped off our friend Kyle he accelerated at full speed toward our next destination. At one point I became a victim of his anxiety. I didnt know what to expect next. As he parked his car on the side of the road he yelled at me to leave his car at once. I refused.Get out of my fucking car he shouted with his eyes bulging out of his small h ead.No, why? What is wrong with you? argon you sick or something? I replied showing confusion on my face.With great speed, he reaches the handle of my door and act to force me out of his car. I tried to show my strength so I decided to sit still and to manipulate him to give out me what was on his mind.If you dont get out, I bequeath go home and youll walk home in the dark in the cold alone. He shouted angrilyUnsuccessful in trying to get me out of his car he began to drive mystically and made a sharp left turn. My reaction was to reach and grab the wheel and turn left. bragging(a) mistake. This day will always haunt my memories.You fucking bitch. This is my car so get out he punched the side of my head with great force. No, not until you tell me what I did wrong I screamed with tears building up in my eyes.I saw his fist once again heading toward my head. I was smashed to never let the enemy away with victory so this time I did the same thing back to him as he has done to me.

Formation and Organization of the Athalassic Salt Lakes of Australia :: Geology Research Papers

Formation and Organization of the Athalassic Salt Lakes of AustraliaPrefaceUpon my acceptance to the Biomes of Australia 2003 program a biologically-oriented summer experience in the Land Down Under that, for the sixth consecutive year, has been organized by Dr. Warren Dolphin of Iowa State University I was presented with the task of writing a research newspaper on an aspect of the Australian landscape. Anxious to apply my new knowledge of geomorphology and desiring to investigate an ecosystem from the holistic perspective of an environmental scientist, I settled upon investigating the formative elements of athalassic (inland) salt lakes and how they cast the ecological structure of salt lake playas. The research summarized in this report is an assimilation of fragmented literature on the subject and represents an attempt to integrate those pieces for better clarity. I believe that my travel companions, to whom I am obligated to present this information, shall derive a greater understanding of Australian salt lake systems from a broad interrogative of the subject than from an intensely focused analysis of but a single component. Although the information that I present is indeed broad in scope, the reader must realize that it falls short of comprehensiveness. The shear volume of literature prohibits designing anything other than a series of encyclopedias to encompass the full complexity of salt lake systems. It is my hope, rather, that this paper elicits the readers curiosity and prompts further reading on this fascinating area.The introduction draws a necessary overview of salt lakes in basic geographic and geologic terms. Part I examines the processes of basin and lake formation, first the physical mechanisms of creation and secondly the concentration of ions within the basin. Part II explores the effects of salinity and other chemical substance characteristics on lake fauna. Part III explains how climatic adjustments determine the composition o f vegetation in and around salt lake basins. Together, these pieces should provide some insight to a telephone exchange question of this paper What physical and chemical characteristics of athalassic salt lakes, as determined by the regional climatic and hydrologic regime, determine local ecologies?Abstract The athalassic salt lakes of Australia arose during the uprights shift to the present arid/semi-arid climate regime. Some, such as Lake Eyre are ephemeral and hold water only after infrequent and temporary rains others flood intermittently or permanently contain water.

The Importance of Lipoproteins and How They Effect Our Body and Through Lifestyle Decisions How Cardiovascular Disease Can Be Prevented and or Controlled.

Hertig,Kathleen(1) The Importance of Lipoproteins and How They Effect Our Body and Through Lifestyle Decisions How Cardiovascular indisposition Can Be Prevented and or Controlled. insoluble in water lipids kitty be defined. To drift lipids like fatty acid, triacylglycerols, steroids and fat soluble vitamins within the blood plasm, a mover protein is needed. Moved from the fat tissue to the muscle, heart and liver tissues by serum albumin argon fatty acids. Moved by the retinol binding protein is Vitamin A.There atomic number 18 steroid moverproteins that move steroids to the aimed cellphones. Majority of the bodys lipids(phospholipids, triacylglycerols and cholesterin), are moved in the plasm by big complexes called lipoproteins. Lipoproteins makeup a center part of aquaphobic lipids encompassed by a shell of phosphotidyl glycerols and proteins. Protein parts of lipoproteins solubilize the hydrophobic lipids and include the cell targeting signals. Assorted according to their c ompactness are lipoproteins .The venialest density lipoprotein are the chylomicrons proceeded by the chylomicron remnants, very small density lipoproteins V low-density lipoproteins, medium density lipoproteins, IDLs, small density lipoproteins, LDLs, and big density lipoproteins, HDLs. The densi casts of these lipoproteins are correlated to the relative parts of lipids to proteins in the complex. The bigger the protein amount the bigger the density of the lipoprotein. (www. tamu. edu/faculty/bmiles/lectures/Lipid%20Transport. pdf). Chylomicrons Moved from the intestinal mucosa cells to other tissues by lipoproteins that are referred to as chylomicrons, which are dietary lipids.Chlyomicrons are big and pitch the smallest protein to lipid ratio and therefore have the smallest density of all the lipoproteins. Chylomicrons include phospholipids and proteins on the surface so that the hydrophilic surfaces are in touch with water. The hydrophobic molecules are encompassed in the interi or. The major apoproteins of nascent chylomicrons are apo B-48, apo A-I, apoA-II and apoA-IV. In circulation, the nascent chylomicrons acquire apo-C and apo-E fromplasma HDL in replacement for phospholipids. The acquisitionof apo-CII fromHDL is substantial to start up lipoprotein lipase,LPL.Chylomicrons tie up to membrane bound lipoprotein lipases (LPLs). Lipase, LPL are placed on adipose and muscle tissues where the triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed into fatty acids. The fatty acids are moved into the adipose cell where they are again recombined into triacylglycerols and kept. In the muscle, the fatty acids are oxidized to give energy. As the tissues soak up the fatty acids, the chylomicrons gradually pose smaller until they are decreased down to cholesterol enriched ashes. As the chylomicron becomes smaller it moves a good portion of its phospholipids and apoproteins A and Cto HDL.The apo C proteins are continuously converted between chylomicrons and HDL. The remains missing apo A and C proteins will not bind to the LPLs in the capillaries. The remains are soaked up by the liver. Chylomicrons tie up to Lipoprotein Lipases in the capillaries of the tissues. Apo-CII is needed Hertig,Kathleen(2) to convert the LPLs. The LPLs hydrolyze the fatty acid ester bonds freeing glycerol and free fatty acids. The fatty acids are soaked up by the endothelial cells that line the capillary.LPL is serine esterase that is located mostly in muscle and adipose tissue. LPL is discharged out of the cell and is shifted to the lumenal surface of the endothelial cells lining the capillary where it is fastened to heparin sulfate. LPL is the most important enzyme responsible in the processing of chylomicrons and VLDLs. (dietheartpublishing. com/node/282). Very Small Densisty Lipoproteins The liver combines fatty acids and cholesterol and wraps them up for movement into the blood plasma in VLDLs. The cholesterol is unesteried and instituted as a surface component of the lipoprotein.A large cholesterol diet changes the composition of the VLDL with cholesteryl esters replacing for triacylglycerols as the major segment of the lipid make up. The major apoprotein is B-100. The liver discharges VLDLs via exocytosis. VLDLs undergoes repeated changes in the plasma. First, the nacent VLDL obtains apo C and E fromHDL. VLDLs ties up to the same membrane bound lipoprotein lipases (LPLs) on adipose and muscle tissues where the triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed into fatty acids. The fatty acids are moved into the adipose cell where they are again recombined into triacylglycerols and kept.In the muscle, the fatty acids are oxidized to give energy. As the tissues soak up the fatty acids and monoacylglycerols, the VLDLs gradually become smaller making IDLs. As the VLDL becomes smaller it moves a good amount of its phospholipids and apoprotein C to HDL. IDLs can adhere to receptors of liver cells where they are soaked up in a manner to chylomicrons, or they can moreover be catabo lized by LPLs, lastly unbinding apo-E to blueprint LDLs. LDL,a cholesterol abundant lipoprotein which makes up apo B-100. LDL is the major plasma cholesterol mover. The concentration of LDLs absolutely correlates with coronary heart disease.LDL is sometimes referred to the bad cholesterol. Transporter of plasma cholesterol to the tissues is LDL. It serves as a source of cholesterol for the majority of the tissues of the body. Large levels of LDL are connected with the forming of atherosclerotic plaques that block blood vessels bring some heart attacks and strokes. (http//www. sciencedaily. com/articles/l/low_density_lipoprotein. htm) Small Density Lipoproteins LDLs tie to particular cell receptors found on the plasma membrane of aimed cells Glycoprotein is the LDL receptor that has a public with negative charged residues.The LDL binding domain has electrostatic interactions withthe positively charged arginine and lysine residues of apo-B100. LDL receptors go to areas of the plasm a membrane that are especially for endocytosis called surface pits. They get the name coated pits because of the clatharin protein coat on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. When the LDL ties to the receptor, the clathrin proteins advances endocytosis. When the vesicle is in the cell, the clathrin voluntarily separates from the endosomal vesicle.PH of the vesicle is decreased to such that LDL separates from the receptor. LDL receptors are converted to a reusable material to the cell surface. The vesicle combines with a lysosome which then lowers the lipoprotein to its main components, amino acids, cholesterol, glycerol and fatty acids. The cholesterol is merged into Hertig,Kathleen(3) the intracellular cholesterol pool which is utilized for the membrane. (http//www. sciencedaily. com/articles/l/low_density_lipoprotein. htm) Large Density Lipoproteins Discharged by the liver and intestinal cells are HDLs.Disk shaped, but they become round as they obtain free cholesterol from cell membranes and triacylglycerols from other lipoproteins are nascent HDLs. The major function of HDLs is to eliminate excess cholesterol and look the excess to the liver to be metabolized into bile salts. The duty of cholesterol elimination from the tissues is the inverse relationship between the plasma concentration of HDLs and the prevalence of heart diseases. normally known as the good cholesterol HDL. It is the mover of plasma cholesterol back to the liver. Enzymes that contain either esterify cholesterol or move cholesteryl esters are HDLs.Enzyme that circulates with HDL is Lechithin-cholesterol(LCAT)that catayzes the movement of long chain fatty acids from phospholipids to cholesterol to make cholesteryl esters. The lipid core of the Cholesteryl esters occupy HDL . Facilitation, keeping and movement of excess cholesterol is LCAT. It is activated by apo A-I. Exchanged between lipoproteins are Cholesteryl esters. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) which is another protein that circulates HDL. Promotion the net movement of cholesterol esters from HDL to LDL, IDL and VLDL in central triacylglycerols is CETP.By this process, it converts VLDLs and IDLs into LDLs. HDLs increase in size they gain apo-E which enlarges the binding of the HDL heads to receptors in the liver. The liver then soaks up and catabolizes HDL. (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/2642759 ). Dietary Considerations for Prevention and Reduction of Cardiovascular indisposition Vegetable oils that contain trans fatty acids should be removed from diets because of their correlation to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Saturated fats should be consumed in moderation in rescript to control or prevent cardiovascular disease. An even better combination would be ono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats in place of saturated fats to reduce risk of cardiovascular diease. (Willett). A lifestyle of modifying risk factors can prevent and or control sudden cardiac death in in women. These fact ors would include not partaking in tobacco product use, weight that is healthy and maintained, and a diet that does not include any trans fat and limited saturated fat (Chiuve, Fung, Rexrode, Spiegelman, Manson, Stampfer and Albert). Not enough Vitamin D in our diet can negatively effect our musculoskeletal system and health. Since our heart is part of this system it can effect our cardiovascular health as well.Parathyroid hormone levels become increased with Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. This creates a chain reaction of events, insulin resistance becoming worse, which could cause systemic inflamatory process, high blood pressure, blowup of left ventricle and diabetes. Increased cardiovasular death, there is a correlation with it and decreased levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. ( Shapees and Manson). Work Cited Adherence to a Low-Risk, Healthy Lifestyle and Risk of Sudden cardiac Death Among Women Stephanie E. Chiuve, ScD, Teresa T. Fung, ScD, Kathryn M. Rexrode, MD, MPH, Do nna Spiegelman, ScD, JoAnn E.Manson, MD, DrPH, Meir J. Stampfer, MD, DrPH, Christine M. Albert, MD, MPH JAMA. Carl S. Swisher Library. 2011306(1)62-69. doi10. 1001/jama. 2011. 907. Web. 6, April 2013. www. dietheartpublishing. com/node/282. Web. 6, April 2013. Dietary fats and coronary heart disease. Detail Only Available (includes abstract) Willett WC Journal of Internal Medicine,Carl S Swisher Library, CIANL. 2012 Jul 272 (1) 13-24. (journal article review) ISSN 0954-6820 PMID 2258305. Web. 6, April 2013. www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/2642759. Web. 6, April 2013. http//www. sciencedaily. com/articles/l/low_density_lipoprotein. htm.Web. 6 April 2013 www. tamu. edu/faculty/bmiles/lectures/Lipid%20Transport. pdf. Web. 6,April 2013. Vitamin D Supplementation for Cardiovascular Disease PreventionReply Sue A. Shapses, PhD, JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH JAMA. Carl S. Swisher Library. 2011306(14)1546-1548. doi10. 1001/jama. 2011. 1466. Web. 6 April 2013. Paper title week 5 Part B Paper ID3 18310799 Authorhertig, kathleen The plagiarism detector has analyzed the following text segments, and did not find any instances of plagiarism school text being analyzed Result binding domain has electrostatic interactions withthe positively charged arginine and OK cquisitionof apo-CII fromHDL is substantial to start up lipoprotein lipase,LPL OK lipoproteins VLDLs, medium density lipoproteins, IDLs, small density lipoproteins, LDLs, OK concentration of LDLs absolutely correlates with coronary heart disease OK Majority of the bodys lipids(phospholipids, triacylglycerols and cholesterol), are moved OK better combination would be mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats in OK Dietary Considerations for Prevention and Reduction of Cardiovascular Disease OK Vitamin D Supplementation for Cardiovascular Disease PreventionReply OK Results No plagiarism suspected

From Maus Post Modern Techniques

1) Choose one of the textual matters above and write a 300-500-word response describeing its give of postmodern elements. From Maus contains elements, which identify a postmodern text. The elements designd are the interrogation of the past, pastiche, the use of a non-linear journey, mixing of genres, the use of language and the high and rugged culture. The fragmented form and the use of anthropomorphism allow the audience to be exposed to a postmodern text.The use of anthropomorphism shows the direct route in which the condition hopes to achieve his message. From Maus the text, which uses the low and high culture to identify the element of postmodernism found in the text. This can be seen by the layout of the text, which is a comic book strip however the author is talking about a serious issue. In increase the author allows the audience to go through several historical events, which are narrated by a father talking to his son about the holocaust.The text not only talks about the holocaust it also talks about the post and pre-holocaust. It encounters the problems in which the characters deal with loosing family members for example the father. Furthermore the text is an interrogation of the past, which can be associated with postmodern texts. The use of animals also highlights the contrast in the serious story line. The use of language assists in displaying the postmodern elements found in the text.As the texts main theme is a historical event you would associate the text with formal and informative language. However, From Maus uses common colloquial language this is evident when the father is talking to his son about the holocaust Some Jews thought in this way If they gave to the Germans a few Jews, they could save the rest The use of language used by the narrator creates the contrast between high and low society.In addition the use of pastiche and the non-linear form adds to the texts fragmented form. The non-linear form assists in displaying the story line in which is viewed from present day which goes backwards due to the narrators memory. In oddment from the following elements pastiche, the high and low culture, mixing of genres and language assist in creating a postmodern text.

New Product Launch

NEW PRODUCT LAUNCH UB GROUP SOFT DRINK MIST COMPANY OVERVIEW United Breweries Limited (UBL) has fictive undisputed grocery store leadership with a national market sh argon in excess of 50%. Through a process of aggressive learning and market penetration, The UB host today controls 60% of the total manufacturing capacity for Beer in India. The flagship brand, Kingfisher is now sold in over 52 countries worldwide having received many a(prenominal) accolades for its quality. MACRO-ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Political Factors The political forces affect the beer fabrication to a large extent.The rates of the beer in sundry(a) parts of the country ar affected by the taxes and duties applied by the Govt. The political forces in like manner affect the pricing of the beer by lowering the duties or deregulating the distribution epithelial duct. This leads to lower margins for the distribution channel partners. But, as 75% of the Indian market is covered by two players, there hasnt been a reduction in the margins of the manufacturers. The taxation policies also affect the expending patterns. Economic Factors India is home to nearly one-sixth of the global population and is one of the most prepossessing consumer markets in the world today.The total worth of Indian Beer grocery store is Rs 750 crore. This market is expected to expand by 39% by 2010. The beer consumption has been growing at a CAGR of 7% over last nine historic period. India provides attractive profit margins due to the consolidated nature of the industry. Various research studies hand over shown that a rise in the income levels has a direct positive effect on beer consumption. The National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER) projects Indias very rich, consuming and climbers classes to grow at a CAGR of 15 per cent, 10 per cent and 2 per cent respectively.Thus, India gives ample opportunities for the UB assort to grow. Social Factors A deep-seated traditional social aversion to alcohol consumption has been a traditional feature of the Indian society. However, as urban consumers sound more exposed to western lifestyles, through overseas travel and the media, their attitude towards alcohol is relaxing. Social habits argon undergoing a trans varianceation as mixed drinks argon becoming more popular. The greatest evidence of this trend is the increase in beer consumption among women.More and more women are consuming beer the penetration in metropolitan areas is almost twice as high as the penetration in opposite large cities implying that the greater tolerance towards alcohol consumption in metropolitan areas facilitates the consumption of beer. With increasing urbanisation, this acceptance is only going to rise. As a consequence of the high birth rates prevalent until the 1990s, a large residuum of the Indian population is in the age group of 20-34 years. This age group is the most appropriate target for beer marketers. This population trend go out give a fur ther boost to the growth of beer consumption in India.Technological Beer industry is non technology specific. As the UB group is one of the oldest players in the market, they dedicate achieved economies of scale. Thus, proficient calculate is not of great importance for the beer market. SWOT ANALYSIS PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL Threat of new Entrants Low In India, beer industry is growing with 11% CAGR making it attractive for new players. Strong brands like Kingfisher and Haywards which are already frameed and have strong brand ring will make it tough for new entrants and they are expected to struggle to expand their consumer base as they try to penetrate the beer market in India. foreign brewers have been eyeing the Indian market for some years now since India is widely acknowledged to be the last untapped big growth market. Several external brewers have built brand associations and are marketing their brands aggressively through various point-of- sale promotions through bug out their distribution networks. But with strong players in the market any new entrant will face problems of a) Economies of scale For example benefit associated with bulk purchases and sales create high barriers to the national and global markets ) toll of entry For example investment in technology, costs associated with sales c) Distribution channel For example ease of access for competitors d) Government Legislations -Introduction of new laws might fracture have adverse effects e) Differentiation For example certain brands that cannot be copied f) Supplier power Possibility of forward integration by supplier negotiate power of suppliers Low Due to increasing costs of raw material and decreasing cost of barley suppliers, bargaining power of suppliers was high but by doing backward integration, done by acquiring Maltex Malsters Ltd. and shifting their production of beer on malt the company has achieved a hold on its raw material and comfortably reduced supplier strength a nd dependency. Company has also entered into collaboration with Government of Punjab and Haryana for supply of its raw material. Bargaining power of buyers Moderate This factor measures the extent to which customers are successful in forcing prices down, or securing high quality or more service at the same price. Customers tend to be powerful when the quantities they purchase form a large portion of the sellers total sales.Buyers do have a very clear understanding about the quality and as there are very few players in the market the customer cannot influence the price in any significant way. But part this is true a slump in consumable income shifts consumer preferences away from insurance premium brands to lower-priced brands since the switching costs is low. Due to this the bargaining power of buyer tends to increase. Threat of substitutes Moderate India is predominantly a inspirit market and beer has traditionally been a minority preference for those who consume beverage alc ohol.Therefore substitutes are the biggest threat as preference for beer among alcohol beverage drinkers is slight but also the low penetration in beer consumption in comparison to international levels offers the potential for substantial and sustainable growth in beseech for beer in India for years to come. Rivalry amongst Competitors Low to Moderate Rivalry is the means through which competitors fight for position by using tactics such as price, competition, advertisement battles, and new product introduction, to lower the profits of competitors in the industry.As stated above CAGR of 11% is expected for beer in the next 5 years due to which many MNCs are eyeing the Indian market. Currently the major rivals for Kingfisher Premium are Budweiser, Carlsberg, Foster and Tiger and for Kingfisher Strong its Hayward 2000, Hayward 5000, Palone. SABMiller who came to India by acquiring depressed breweries and has made its hold as best-selling strong beer brand but still Kingfisher has managed to remain the largest-selling strong beer brand with 29% market share. There are also some small local players hat are in the market but are not very much of a threat to Kingfisher. strategic FIT OF MIST WITH UNITED BREWERIES GROUP The UB Group (United Breweries Group) is a multi-faceted conglomerate with business interests in Beverage Alcohol, Pharmaceuticals, Media, International Trading, Aviation, Fertilizer, Research & Development, and Infrastructure Development with a major focus on the brewery (beer) and alcoholic beverages industry most of which is marketed under the Kingfisher brand. UB Group is already planning to venture into the mineral water segment via the Kingfisher Himalayan Water check.Thus strategically thinking Mist will be a perfect fit in the UB Groups expansion plans. In fact introduction of a demulcent drink will make UB Group present in all versions of drinks and will be a howling(prenominal) way to reach out to customers who admire the Kingfisher brand but do not consume alcoholic beverages. Launching Mist will be a form of line extension and will help it resolve to customers needs favorably. If we see the attributes of Mist, i. e. adventure, energy, fun and the Hat Ke attitude it is very much in sync with the existing brand image of UB Group.Mist being a soft drink, it is very necessary to ensure proper distribution of the product. This is where UB Group can use its core competency of having a strong distribution network and bank upon its reputation regarding the stringent quality control measures it follows. Also if we calculate at the soft drink market, the only direct competitor of Mist is chain reactor Dew and the market for soft drinks providing the set of benefits as Mist is in a growth stage. That makes it a perfect moment to introduce a drink like Mist under the Kingfisher brand name.Considering the sync between Mist attributes and Kingfishers brand image, we can also use the events held by the UB Group like the Derby, Kingfisher Calendar, IPL matches , functions like the Incredible India Party held last year at Cannes and the TV channel NDTV Good Times to increase consciousness about Mist. It can make use of the cricket and Bollywood stars already associated with Kingfisher brand to endorse the product and help create a strong connect with its loyal customers. Added to that serving Mist in the Kingfisher Airlines will be a reat way of making future customers try out the drink. PRODUCT INTRODUCTION Mist is a soft drink that is being launched by UB group under Kingfisher brand. It is a citrus flavoured drink and unlike other soft drinks, it is more carbonated and has high levels of caffeine. MARKETING STRATEGY SEGMENTATION Demographic Segmentation 1. AgeA consumer needs and wants change with age. Hence this segmentation is important for this product. On the basis of age, we can divide the population into the following categories a. 6-25 years b. Teenagers c. 25 years and above 2. Gender Th is is an important segmentation since both genders behave and respond differently to same situations. Geographic Segmentation This segment primarily refers to the location of the segments. For our product there will be three segments. a. Urban b. Semi-Urban c. Rural PsychographicSegmentation here different groups are identified on the basis of personality traits, lifestyle or values. The following segments can be formed a. Excitement, Adventure seeking, Risk lovers b. health Conscious . Rebellious d. Fashsionable and stylish For our product, we can begin with demographic segmentation. These segments would be further divided using psychographic segmentation. The product is soft drink, but we will not go in for mass marketing and rather target base on psychographic segmentation. The target would also be different from those of already existing soft drinks. TARGETING Evaluating the above segments on the parameters like Measurable, Substantial, Accessible, Differentiable and Actionab le, the target segment for MIST would be Individuals (both genders) in age range 15-29 in urban areas (this is because the promotional activities would be focused on urban areas only). Based on market research data, we decided to target people who embrace excitement, adventure and fun. Reasons for choosing this target segment are Our market research showed us that there were primarily five different target groups in the market. There was considerable presence of other soft drinks in the other target groups. Also in urban areas there are very few individuals in the age group 15-29 years who have not heard of Kingfisher hence this would be our target age group.This segment in India is substantial and would be profitable. Kingfisher already has large distribution networks for selling its other products in urban areas. Hence there would be little cost of adding distribution channels. It is also easier to involve people from the aforementioned age group in various promotional activi ties and also they are easily accessible through internet. So it would be easier reaching across to them. POSITIONING Salient Attributes Offer from the Kingfisher brand high price for perception of premium quality and difference Available only in stylised cans Invigorating effect due to higher caffeine frisson taste and flavor Selective availability in retail outlets, pubs, clubs, discos and other socializing places Values Adventure Seeking Thrill Different from competition breathing in for youngsters to be associated with Kingfisher brand. Competition Mountain Dew As compared to Mountain Dew, we will position MIST as an exclusive brand and it will only be usable through selective outlets.We are going for value-based offering that is premium in nature due to higher quality and reflects the values of aspiration for Kingfisher. Coke and Pepsi both(prenominal) Coke and Pepsi are brands that differentiate themselves on the basis on the endorsements eg. Pepsi targets the yo uth market through endorsements from young celebrities. Price is not a discriminating factor between these two. We shall charge a higher price as compared to Coke and Pepsi and put forth quality as a prime concern while manufacturing MIST.This should help us differentiating from Coke and Pepsi since they have had troubles in the past regarding their quality. Media Influence Extensive promotion schemes across different media (using teasers, events and web portals) Advertisement frequency Brand endorsement Based on the above factors, our positioning of Mist vis-a-vis its main competitor (Mountain Dew) and other similar lime and lemon flavoured drinks (Coca cola was also let ind as a reference) has been quantitatively depicted in the cobweb diagram below.Some of the attributes are 1. Ingredients Mist is an augmented product over other citrus flavoured drinks, being packed with higher carbonation and caffeine. So, we rated this attribute above the other drinks. 2. Awareness As Mis t is a new product to be launched, we cannot green goddess its sensory faculty. However, we denominate to bring it to the desired level based on our extensive promotional campaign which will be explained in the Marketing Mix. As of now, awareness is being measured based on the current awareness level for Kingfisher. 3.Availability Unlike the extensive mass distribution and availability of the other drinks, we intend to have a selective distribution for Mist. 4. Refrigeration This is based on the amount of refrigeration required and the level of service given by the companies by providing refrigerators. As Mist is selectively available, we intend to provide refrigeration facilities at all points of sale. This refrigerators will be small and exclusively for Mist. It will have impressive displays labelled with the title Mist and will be painted in its colours. MARKETING MIX PRODUCT Functional Great taste Ity Quench proneness Features Invigorating effect due to higher caffeine Tingling taste and flavor Appearanc Available in Stylised cans E PRICING Competitor based pricing The price of a can of Mountain Dew and other soft drinks is Rs. 20. We may choose to price it higher than this since we are not going in for mass marketing but rather selecting a specific target segment. Cost Based pricing Cost Based pricing is integral to establish the lowest point of a new products price range.By accurately analyzing cost per unit and taking into account a margin that corresponds to the lowest satisfactory return on investment, companies can define a new products floor price. If the market cannot support this price, then the company must reconsider if the product is feasible. If we crawfish out the major cost components as manufacturing, advertising and distribution we can come to a rough estimate of the variable cost of Mist. This will not include the costs associated with machinery installation, R & D o f the product and other associated capital expenses. This shall be collected through contribution per can. Using estimates for the major variable cost components we restrain i. Advertising Cost per can Rs. 8 10 ii.Manufacturing Cost per can Rs. 4-5 iii. Administrative Costs and other overheads per can Rs. 2-3 iv. Distribution Costs estimated to be Rs. 1 per level Therefore the total cost of producing one can comes out approximately to be Rs. 17-19. Value Based Pricing While some benefits have values that can be readily quantified, others such as brand reputation and premium are more difficult to measure and must be probed using market research. Since we are positioning Mist as a premium brand it should be priced higher than its direct competitor (in this case Mountain Dew) in order for the target group to it as a premium brand. Since a can of a cola costs Rs. 0 then we will price it at Rs. 24 (we are trying simultaneously to take advantage of bundles of five pricing and have t he customers perceive it as a premium brand). As shown by the market research, customers are willing to pay more for a product like Mist. Moreover, considering the aspiration value of the product and the parent company, we have decided to follow value based pricing. PROMOTION According to the positioning of the Mist, a promotional campaign will be designed to create awareness and pull in the market. AIDA model will be followed for the promotional campaign. The steps taken in each stage will make consumers to Think, feel and do.

Absurdity in Beckett’s Endgame

Buckets Endgame explores an introduction in an era when the importance of being Is Incessantly challenged by mans newfound science of the universes absurdity and lack of observable message, Written In 1957, the context of the world at the time of this works creation sheds much insight on its themes. In a time of continuous social and technological change scientific observations began yielding a more accurate picture of causality for the world and its phenomena and the plan of god became ever less relevant. The recent world wars had left ruins in not only cities, but in the concepts driving the nature of man.With the Implicit last of deities and sets of traditional rules to govern mans behavior, humanity found Itself at a need to check a different purpose to Its existence. Enter existentialism A flavour in existence despite any discernible core, existence for its own sake heralding with it an implied freedom of choice in both perception and action. As with the thusly contempo rary world view, the characters in Buckets Endgame be left to survive in the wake of a crumbled world. Free to devise their own world view, the characters react by developing lifespan affirming routines mistreating that creation persists even In close.Destruction, It would seem does not eliminate an object or Idea, but only redefines its form, beginning its existence anew. Rather ironically, the play begins with Cool repeating the world finished. Consequently, this theme of beginnings and determinationings as interrelated, cyclical, mutually necessary, and conclusively futile comes to prevail over the course of the play. As with the classic case of the chicken and the egg, the cyclical pattern of creation and destruction is eternal In Its supposed nature.However, to the AOL of Inciting drama or motivation, a story moldiness begin with destruction a motif with which Endgame is rife. The very setting of the play Immediately evokes a sense of catastrophe and destruction. The life less bare national (Endgame, 50) is coupled with the nothing or zero (Endgame, 51) reported outback(a) by Cool to Imply at the decay of a once lively outside world while the imagery of the stage as a skull (with the two windows acting as eyes and the characters as the thoughts) denote the destruction within.During this unmentioned catastrophe, the characters saw the end f their entire world and way of life thus being forced to redefine their views and behaviors. The destruction of their past worlds leads the characters to abandon their old ideals and ways of life. The unauthentic He doesnt exist. exclaimed Ham when his prayer went unanswered showing that even god had died in the wake of Hams personal disaster. However, these new circumstances work to effectively force a new world for the characters to inhabit a world as senseless as the last.Whether It Is the story about the tailor, which coupled the end of a stoppage of walling he beginning of the world, Ham and Cloves killi ng the flea from which they believe humanity may have been reborn (Endgame, 591 or the numerous references to Christ, whose close (and subsequent rebirth) destructive and fictive motifs in Buckets Endgame are presented in tandem. Interestingly, the cyclical nature of life and conclusion renders itself generally nonsensical and pointless.Surely, if all is to end to be reborn anew then a personally crafted purpose will ultimately remain as to exemplify this notion of a circular existence, with legion(predicate) motifs of rebirth such as Cool always returning. In their awareness of death (their own destruction), Buckets characters foster eternally static routines that they hope will distract them from their imminent demise. They go through the This farce, day after day (Endgame, 54), as Nell puts it, because there is nothing else to do but delay the inevitable while they wait.To that end, Becket makes use of repetitive phrase to denote the futility and repetitiveness of the cyc lical nature of life. The play systematically notes upon and enunciates the characters minutest movements, and repeats their most casual interests from Hams insistence on remaining at the center of the board (Endgame, 57) to how many pauses Ham takes in his speech to how Nell repeats herself to Nag, as in the case of April afternoon (Endgame, 56) . Lets my dream. A world where all would be silent and still, and each thing in its last place, under the last dust. (Endgame, 66) says Cool, expressing a desire for order.Yet Cloves constant tidying seems to have no end in sight especially if he were to direct his efforts to the destruction outside. This tidy end of which Cool dreams would only yield disappointment as he would have no cleaning duty to occupy him and upon achieving it, his life would once more become meaningless. In such a way, Cloves vision provides meaning to his trudge, which would otherwise dissipate upon achieving his goal. This focus on repetitive actions that delay the inevitable prohibits the discernment of meaning from these same actions, since there is never a final culmination to assess.Still, even the one example of a final product, is by no means fulfilling. discover at the world and look at my TROUSERS. (Endgame, 56) Says the tailor in Knells story, as if to be microscopical the bounty of the world (tongue in cheek, of ours) in the face the quality of his pants. In this case, as in the case of the characters death delaying routine, no amount of postponement will have made the end result worthy. As such, the play essentially stresses a damned if you do, and damned if you dont scenario by showing how any action will eventually be absolved in futility.The theme of futility ties into the very sign metaphor for ends in beginnings As Cool mutters Finished, its finished, nearly finished, it must be nearly finished. Grain upon grain, one by one, and one day, suddenly, theres a heap, a little heap, the impossible heap. (Endgame, 50), he ef fectively moves when individual grains live up to the concept of a heap. From this perspective, the heap is an impossible notion, as any single grain is not in itself a heap, and a heap is Just an accumulation of single grains.This view resurfaces yet again, when Ham considers how individual moments make up a life (Endgame, 70). In this instance the analogy maintains that it is an impossible life, consisting not of a life that can be scrutinized as a goal achieved (or not), but of discrete moments that define it (before death terminates it indefinitely). Thus, any creation of meaning incurred during ones life, is presented as ultimately pointless and only leading to its own destruction with the passing of its believers.While Ham and Cool are in the endgame of their ancient lives, with death lurking around the corner, they are also stuck in a perpetual loop that never allows the to achieve closure. Ham claims he wants to be finished, but admits that he hesitates to do so (Endgame, 51). Were not beginning to To Mean something? , Ham wonders, only to be ridiculed by Cool in resolution him deeply aware of its lack of purpose. Since any ending is also a beginning, there is never any finality, and conclusive meaning is impossible.Besides, any meaning derived would be as shallow as the meaning left behind while only persisting as long as its belabored. The very expression of Hams question exemplifies this very struggle where he delays and repeats words as he attempts to finish the sentence only to have it become a meaningless gesture in the eyes of Cool. Cool, though aware of the worlds absurdity must still subscribe to routine. He adheres to the daily procedures of tending to Ham and thus makes it the purpose of his life.Just as death wont arrive to conclude their lives, neither Ham nor Cool can escape existence in catheters presence. Such is the case with Cloves frequent failed attempts to leave the room and Hams insistence on squashing the flea that might her ald with it the human race the characters appear to fear the destruction of their current realm of existence in favor of another(prenominal) for fear of the new world being worse still. It is consequently implied that the characters loathe the thought of reincarnation into this world particularly being personally resurrected after death only to face life again.Thus they make an effort to kill all potential propagators of meaningless life such as the procreators that they seek to kill (Endgame, 73), or the incident with the flea the flea But humanity might start from there all over again Catch him, for the love of God (Endgame, 59) screams Ham, in chase of the flea. In exploring the cyclical nature of destruction and creation, Endgame notes on the futility inherent to the outgrowth. The cyclical nature of destruction and creation is rendered meaningless by the very definition of its continuity.Seeing the meaning seep from their previous existence, the characters come to realism tha t any new purpose will be as unfailing and mortal as the last. In the process of finding purpose in an existence doomed to meaningless, the characters come to occupy their time with senseless repetition that they both despise, and require. In true existentialist fashion, they curb all actions pointless, but are unwilling to stop making them while they still can. This play goes to show that meaning is what you make of it, and that there are no winners at the end of this absurd game called life.

Health Priorities in Australia Essay

1. Using measures of epidemiology, investigate the wellness status of Australians.wellness status is a holistic concept that is determined by more than the presence or absence of any disease. It is often summarised by life apprehension or self-assessed health status, and more broadly includes measures of functioning, physical illness, and amiable well cosmos. Epidemiology is the study of disease in groups or states by dint of the collection of data and information, to identify patterns and causes. The measures of epidemiology are Mortality- refers to the number of deaths in a given population from a particular cause and/or over a period of time. Infant Mortality- refers to the number of infant deaths in the first year of life, per 1,000 live births. Morbidity- is the incidence or level of illness, disease or injury in a given population.Life Expectancy- is the length of time a person cease expect to live. to a greater extent specifically, it refers to the average number of ye ars of life remaining to a person at a particular age, establish on current death browses. In Australia, the median age of death among the entire population in 2007 was 80.5 years old. In 2011 that statistic had arise to 81.5 years old, an increase of star year to the average life. In both years the leading cause of death among Australians was circulatory diseases (diseases of the heart and blood vessels) and the second leading cause in both years was arousecer. Although the per centum of stoogecer deaths rose from 29.2% proportion of totals deaths to 29.8% and the percentage of circulatory disease deaths dropped from 33.8% of the populations deaths down to 31%.In the past 100 years the infant mortality rate as decreased by 95%, from more than one in ten deaths in the first year of life (100+ deaths per 1000 live births) to one in 200 deaths in the first year of life (5 deaths per 100 live births). This keister be attributed to improved health education, public sanitation, im proved medical diagnosis and improved support services for parents and new born babies. Most infant mortalities are caused by congenital malformations which are structural or structural anomalies which are present at the birth of a child, preventative causes of this disease areimproving the diet of women through their reproductive years, avoiding exposure to harsh environmental substances and improving vaccinations and health education.Information approximately the incidence and prevalence of the total population gives a broader perspective on the nations health than on the nose the mortality statistics. Australias population has a lowering incidence of asthma and rising survival rate of cancer although since 1984 the incidence of five major cancers has risen (Breast, Prostrate, Melanoma, Colorectal and Lung) and a report from SMH in 2008 shows 7.4 million people are overweight or obese and the prevalence of diabetes climbs rapidly, along with these problems the amount of people touch on by STIs has risen to more than 230 per 100,000 people. According to AIHW (Australian Institute of health and Welfare) Australia is one of the healthiest nations in the world although Indigenous Australians lag behind in their health status.Australians live the second longest lives in world, behind Japan. The average Australian citizen will live to be 81.4 years old. And trends indicate that the expectancy of males and females is growing, since 2000 the life expectancy of males has grown from 77.4 years old to 79.7 years old, an increase of 2.3 years. The life expectancy of females since 2000 has grown from 82.6 up to 84.2, an increase of 1.6 years. This increase in the life expectancy of Australian residents indicates that their health is improving, with the help of increased knowledge and improved health services.Taking all of this information into account, using measures of epidemiology, the health status of Australians can be verbalize to be relatively good compared with that of other nations. The improved health services and new discoveries in the health sector along with increased knowledge about health from the population also indicates that the health status of Australians may be improving. 2. Explain how health advance, based on the Ottawa assume, reflects amicable justice principles. Health promotion is a combination of science, medicine, practical skills and beliefs aimed at maintaining and improving the health of all people.The Ottawa Charter for health promotion promotes social justice as it incorporates the idea of giving all members ofthe community access to health services and attempts to rule out inequities in differing communities. The Ottawa Charter does this through its five live up to areas Building Healthy Public Policy, realise Supportive Environments, Strengthen Community Action, Develop ain Skills and Reorient Health Services. All five of these action areas tender a building block for health promotions. The four prin ciples of social justice are Equity, Access, Participation and Rights. The way equity is reflected in health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter is through the action areas Building Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments and Reorient Health Services as these trio areas bring together people onto an equal level and give specific help to those who need it, creating equity in communities. Access is reflected in health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter through the action area Reorient Health Services, as this area of the charter aims to bring together health services, governing bodies and other health professionals in an attempt to give more adequate access to health services to those who need it.Also reflected is Participation, which can be based on the Ottawa Charter action areas through Building Healthy Public Policy, Strengthen Community Action and Develop Personal Skills. This can be known as empowering the communities and bringing the communities the educatio n and information needed to know more about their own health. Lastly, Rights is reflected in health promotion through the action areas Create Supportive Environments and Reorient Health Services as they attempt to give equitable opportunities for good health to all individuals.With these four social justice principles reflected in health promotion, the overall health of Australia can be improved, examples of this include Quit for you Quit for two which promotes to pregnant women who smoke, who if they ceased their habit would be creating a more equal life for their expectant child and give them the right for an opportunity to good health. Another example would be the Swap it run away which aims at developing personal skills date creating equity through smart food choices. 3. Critically analyse how the action areas of the Ottawa Charter address Australias health priorities through ONE health promotion initiative.Slip Slop Slap assay Slide Campaign by the Cancer Council of Austral ia was created in 1980 and revolved around Sid the Seagull who gave a constant reminder of the easy ways that the population of Australia would be able to avoid pare down cancer slip on a shirt, slop on sunscreen and slap on a hat. 27 year later the ad was upgraded to include seek shade and slide on sunnies, thus creating the Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide song.The campaign aims to lower the prevalence and incidence of skin cancers in Australia. The action areas of the Ottawa Charter address Australias health priorities through this campaign. The action areas are Building Healthy Public Policy, Create Supportive Environments, Strengthen Community Action, Develop Personal Skills and Reorient Health Services. Building Healthy Public Policy- Policies have been created due to increased awareness attributed to the Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide campaign a commonly known policy would be the No Hat, No Play policy used in schools. This is used by teachers to protect children from skin cancer risks in the playground. Advantages of this would be that children will be increasingly protected and parents are given peace of mind, and no noticeable disadvantages are created by this policy.Create Supportive Environments- A noticeable environment change caused by the increased awareness of skin cancers would the addition of shaded areas to many public places. This creates an environment for the public population that is protected from harmful Ultraviolet sun rays. An advantage of this are that people can be outside but protected from skin cancer risks while a disadvantage would be that most of these shaded areas come at the expense of nature, eg- destruction of trees and/or other natural features. Strengthen Community Action- Two initiatives connect to the Slip Slop Slap would be the introduction of Cancer Centres to many rural areas and the Relay for Life, which is about raising funds for the Cancer Council.These two initiatives can create awareness of skin cancer, while the former can save lives. Only advantages are created by these two initiatives, which are increased knowledge, funds gained for look into and practical use, the ability to detect cancers and save lives. Develop Personal Skills- The campaign of Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide uses a jingle to give instruction the Australian population. The TV ad itself is an educational video, which creates awareness of skin cancers in Australia.This leads to increased knowledge of how to protect yourself and others from skin cancers. An advantage of this is that the Australian public is being educated in their own home by the TV, although a disadvantage is that they do not know thatthey are being directly educated. Reorient Health Services- A health service which has become operational due to increased awareness of skin cancers is the Skin Cancer Bondi checks, where on the beach at Bondi you can have a skin cancer check. This leads to a safer beach, as beachgoers can be precautious and have a skin cancer check. Advantages of this are that the population can be on the beach and get their skin checked at the same time as well as not have to parole into a skin cancer centre for the check. A disadvantage may be that the check may not be a thorough as one performed in a more professional environment. Overall, the introduction of the Slip Slop Slap campaign and the readjustment to Slip Slop Slap Seek Slide campaign has increased the awareness and knowledge of skin cancers in Australia. The action areas of the Ottawa Charter are relevant to the campaign and Australias health priorities.

Employee Benefits at HealthCo

HealthCo is a nonprofit health c atomic number 18 provider operating with 36 clinics in an open system within a functional organization. The clinics embroil rehabilitation units, therapy facilities, hospice and geriatric units, and other highly specialized centers. HealthCo operates with approximately 6,700 employees in the eastern joined States. In line with the industry, HealthCo employs a larger number of women than men in the areas of nursing and patient care. HealthCo held a senior staff merging to address reliable deals and the coming years strategical initiatives. Attending the Senior Staff meeting were the CEO, Dr.Palmer, Senior Officer Pat, Senior Officer Francis, and Senior Officer Mercer.During the meeting CEO, Dr. Palmer addressed a Human Resources report indicating that HealthCos turnover is 1. 5 time the industry standard. Dr. Palmer belief is that while HealthCo is competitive with salary, the benefits offered the employees is an area needing improvement. Dr. Pal mer request that a team of four to six volunteers begin working on a formulate for HealthCo becoming a top comp each in terms of work-life benefits. chief 1 How would you conduct a diagnosing of the situation at HealthCo?In order to effectually diagnosis the situation according to entering and contracting are the initial paces in the OD serve up up (Cumming and Worley, 2009, P. 75). These steps are of import to establish the kin between the organizational schooling practician and the organization. This relationship defines the parameters for all remaining phases of the organizational development mental process such as diagnosing the organization, planning and implementing, evaluating and institutionalizing the planned flip. Identify the constituteing problemIdentifying the presenting problem is the perceived step to the fore by the client, based on a preliminary inquiry. It is what appears to be going on. It is generally recognizable by the solution that is often, but not always suggested. later on we line the presenting problem, we can begin to clarify the organizational issue in order to better understand the context and nature of the presenting problem. Be sure to identify the presenting problem prior to proceeding to clarifying the organizational issue. Remember that the presenting problem often has an implied or stated solution. Clarifying the organizational issueIt is often discovered that the presenting problem is accurate. However, a thorough diagnosis is required to support the diagnosis. The presenting problem is just now enough learning in order for the Organizational Development practician to say we need to take a look at the issue. This can be tricky though, because the clients mind might be made up in terms of the need for a training program and the Organizational Development practitioner knows that the presenting problem may just be an indication of a deeper issue within the organization. in that respectfore, additional info allow need to be collected in order to understand the real issue.Cummings and Worley caution that many times the presenting problem can possibly be only a symptom of the real issue (2009, p. 76). The collecting of this additional info will support the Organizational Development practitioners statement of the problem and solution in the attempt of approaching and choosing my relevant client. find out the Relevant Client The process of determine the relevant client involves selecting the individuals within the organization who can directly impact the change issues. The relevant client will include the person who can extend the use of appropriate resources for this project.At the same time, culturally, within the organization, these top train people have been historically unable to implement successful change. The next step is to identify the individuals involved in the making the change process to be successful. This should include leadership from all divisions affected by the se changes as well as representation from all locations. Effective identification of the presenting problem, clarifying the organizational issue, and correct selection of the relevant client will enable the Organizational Development practitioner to diagnose the organization.Diagnosing Organizations Diagnosing is the process by which the Organizational Development practitioner begins to understand how the organization is functioning. This information is required to function the change discussion. The diagnosis process will enable the Organizational Development practitioner and the members of the organization to jointly determine the issues to be addressed, the method by which the collection and summary of the info will take place.An effective diagnosis will help to develop the relationship between all parties whereas together they can work toward the development of the necessity accomplishments steps. The process begins with deciding which level of analysis to apply, organizat ion, group, or individual level. Diagnosis can occur at all levels of analysis, or it can occur at only one level. Each level has inputs, purport components, and outputs. Inputs are what organizations have to work with, general environment, industry, organization protrude, group design, and personal characteristics.Design components are the winder components within the organization that enable the organization to take the inputs and change them into outputs, services or a product. There are six components at the organizational level, technology, building, culture, measurement systems, human resources systems, and strategy. Group level design components include goal clarity, team functioning, group norms, group composition, and terminally task structure. There are five design components within the individual level system.Each individual of analysis will take the inputs and work within the organizations design components structure to turn inputs into the desired outputs. inward ly the organizational level system outputs include organization effectiveness. This effectiveness includes performance, productivity, and stakeholder satisfaction. Group level systems affect team effectiveness, including quality of work life, and performance of the group. The individual level system outputs include individual effectiveness, job satisfaction, performance, absenteeism, and personal development.The organizations effectiveness depends on the alignment among the different groups. To determine if the organizations alignment the Organizational Development practitioner collects and analyzes information to answers two questions, does the organizations strategic orientation fit with the inputs, and do the design components fit with each other. Collecting and Analyzing Diagnostic Information The Organizational Development practitioner will play a very active role in the collection of data for diagnostic purposes.There are three important goals of data collection, obtaining va lid information, rally support of the organizational members, and promotes a working relationship between the Organizational Development practitioner and the members of the organization. Method of Collection There are four techniques for gathering diagnostic data, questionnaires, interviews, observations, and unobtrusive measures. (Cummings and Worley, 2009) Each method holds study advantages and disadvantages. The most effective way to effectively collect data is with the questionnaire method. Questionnaires assess the more comprehensive characteristics of the organization.Technique for analyzing data Quantitative tool of research is a much more subjective form of research than soft research. Subjectivity allows the introduction of individual bias in the collection of the data. Qualitative research may be necessary when it is unclear what exactly is being looked for in a study. The researcher will then be required to determine what data is important and what isnt. In qualitative research the use of content analysis and the force-field analysis data is collected from the use of interviews, observations and interview questions.The OD practitioner must then separate responses into two categories, the social aspect and the task aspect. In comparison, the quantitative research tool separates data so that they can be counted and modeled statistically. Tools used such as scattergrams, mean standard deviations, frequency distributions, and disagreement tests are intended to minimize any bias. Quantitative research then collects information like a machine. The result of quantitative research is a collection of numbers, which can be subjected to statistical analysis in the formation of a result.Quantitative research knows exactly what its looking for before the research begins. In qualitative research the focus of the study becomes apparent as time progresses. Feeding Back Diagnostic Information Feeding back diagnostic information according to Cummings and Worley i s perhaps the most important step in the diagnosis process (2009). The effectiveness of feedback data rests on the results of the data presented evoking a backbone of action in the organization and its members. There is more information normally gathered than is required, therefore, the OD practitioner must properly analyze the data and present only the meaningful data.Presenting more data than required could cause the organizational members to feel overwhelmed and cause resistance of change and a lack of motivation for change. Determining the content of the feedback can be described using nine properties (Cummings and Worley, 2009). The members of the organization are receptive to the data feedback when they find it meaningful. The inclusion of the managers and employees in the collection of the data can increase the data relevance. The feedback must be understandable and descriptive. The use of graphs and charts in presenting statistical data affords ease in the understanding of the complicated data. small illustrations help employees get a good feel for the information. The data must be accurate and verifiable in order to guide the positive action of the organizational members. This can be accomplished if the content of the data feedback can be verified by the members of the organization as fitting into the organizations attitude and culture. The data feedback content must be timely, limited and significant. The feedback should take place as soon as possible from the time of the data gathering. Timely feedback will see to it motivation by the members of the organization to examine the data and thereby invoke change.The data must be limited to a realistic amount for the individuals to process. info overload causes individuals to become overwhelmed, leading to feelings of failure. The data collected and presented must be significant to what the organizational members perceives as the problem. This helps the individuals direct their energies toward realisti c change. Because data feedback can be vague, it is important to have a comparison that is understandable by the members. The use of comparisons whenever possible can help to provide the members with examples of how the data fits into their own group as well as the entire organization.The final property of the feedback content is the efficiency to present the data as to invoke the sense that the data is only a starting point. It should be presented as to guide the members into further and more in depth discussions of the issues presented. Designing an Intervention Effective noises must meet three major criteria (1) the accomplishment to which it fits the needs of the organization (2) the degree to which it is based on causal knowledge of intended outcomes and (3) the extent to which it transfers change guidance competence to organization members (Cummings and Worley, 2009 p. 51).The extent to which it fits the needs of the organization states that the organization will provide v alid information on the organizations functions. This function allows that the organization is willing to participate in an accurate diagnosis of the organization that reflects fairly on what the members of the organization perceive as their concerns and issues. The organization will allow members the opportunity to make free and intercommunicate choices. All members are involved in the decisions for change and how that change will affect them.lastly, the organization gain members internal commitment to their choices. Members accept ownership of the selected interpolation and will take on the responsibility of the implementation of the change. Knowledge of outcomes is the second criteria for effective intervention. Since the purpose of an effective intervention is to get down a specific result, effective interventions are based on the valid knowledge that the intended result can actually be produced. Without that there would be no scientific groundwork to design an intervention. An explanation of the knowledge of outcomes criteria in the insurance industry can be explained by role of the underwriting department. Insurance companies are in the business of paying claims. However, it is the responsibility of the underwriters to accept or reject possible risks. An intervention attempted in the underwriting department to eliminate all losses would result in a failure in the criteria of knowledge of outcomes. There is no valid knowledge that could support this intervention.Extent to which it enhances the organizations capacity to manage change is the hird criteria of an effective intervention. The final criteria would stock that during the process of planning, implementing and intervention stages, the organizational members alone will have gained all necessary skills to carry out the planned change. Cummings and Worley state, Competence in change management is essential in todays environment, where technological, social, economic, and political changes are rap id and persistent (Cummings and Worley, 2009 p. 152). There are two contingencies used in the design of effective interventions.Both contingencies must be considered in designing an effective intervention. The first is contingencies related to the change situation. This would include four major areas of concentration, readiness for change, the power to change, cultural context, and capabilities of the change agent. The issues of this contingency is the focus of the change situation, which includes the OD practitioner. There are four call issues in the contingencies related to the target of change. The four report issues to be examined are strategic issues, technological and structural issues, human resource issues, and human process issues.Strategic issues are the most critical issues faced by todays organizations. The strategic issues facing any organization is deciding what function the organization will serve, what product or services to produce, and what market to produce or service for. Three other strategic issues include the ability of the organization to decide how to gain competitive advantage and how to relate to the environment. The final strategic issue is deciding what values will guide the organizational function.Technological and structural issues encompass the division of departments, coordination of the departments, delivery of the product or service, and the task of set up the people with the tasks. The concentration in these issues is considered to be activities related to the organizational design, employee involvement and work design. The strategic and technological and structural issues of the target of change contingency deals with the mechanics of the organization, while the human resource issues and human process issues are designed to deal with more of the humanistic side of issues.Human resources issues are understood to include the attracting competent staff, planning and development of employee careers, and setting the goals a nd rewards for the employees. The concentration in these issues is considered to be human resources management intervention. This concentration should not be confused with human process issues. Human process issues are concentrated on the social processing occurring within the organizational members, including the development of process for areas of how to communicate, solve problems, make decisions, interact and lead.The intervention designed in the area of human process issues includes such techniques as team building and conflict resolution. It is important to note that organizational issues are interrelated, decisions on the strategic issues will affect the structural issues, and therefor decisions must be decided as to their relationship to one another. Cummings and Worley state intervention design must create change methods appropriate to the organizational issues determine in the diagnosis (Cummings and Worley, 2009 p. 154).Evaluating and Institutionalizing Change The final two activities in effective change management is managing the transition and sustaining momentum. During the managing transition the change agents responsibilities include, activity planning, commitment planning, and the change management structures. A successful transition depends on the change agents ability to develop a schedule or timeline of specific times, activities and events, articulating the blending of changes tasks, and finally linking the change tasks to the organizations goals and priorities.The change agent will need to ensure that the activity plan is adaptable to change as feedback warrants, be cost effective and receives top-management. Commitment planning on the part of the change agent involves gaining the identifying and gaining the support and commitment from name individuals. In order to accelerate the transition a change agent will need to develop change management structures, and learning processes. Within the final stage of change the change agent must sus taining momentum so that they are carried out to completion.During this stage the change agent must providing resources for the change process through additional financial and human resources, creating a support system for the change agents thorough networks of close individuals to the change agents who offer emotional support and serve as a sounding board. The change agent must develop new competencies and skills through programs such as on-the-job counseling and coaching or traditional training programs. One effective way to sustain momentum is reinforcing new behaviors to implement the change.This is accomplished by giving formal rewards for the desired behaviors. Finally the last role the change agent must play is staying the course. There will be factors the discourage managers or organizations it is the role of the change agent to yarn-dye patience and trust in the diagnosis and intervention work. Question 2 Based on the information provided in the scenarios and the case, wha t is your own diagnosis of the situation? compend of the Data Within the industry, HealthCo offers its employees a competitive salary. However, the turnover rate is 1. 5 times the industry standard.In the attempt to improve the organizations competitive advantage, CEO, Dr. Palmer commissioned a survey of the female employees in the area of work-life issues. The survey ranked the top eight desired benefits, of those eight desired benefits HealthCo does not offer three and has only minimal benefits in the remainder. The current management and leadership staff within HealthCo is confrontational with the idea of the administering any additional work-life benefits in fear of additional issues with department workloads, which often exceed the day-to-day capacity of the staff.Another issue HealthCo faces is the laboratory services department being staffed 24/7, and is called upon to perform services at any time. Diagnosis There appears to be a breakdown within specific design components a t the organizational level. While technology, structure, culture, measurement systems, and strategy appear to be effective, the human resources systems appear to lack the required skills and knowledge to implement change.There appears to be a systems fit issue between the organizational level structure and the group level quality of work-life and performance, as well as the individual level structure in terms of individual effectiveness. Intervention The direction of the intervention will fall into the area of Human Process Interventions. The specific interventions to be considered a) Management and Leadership Development intervention. HealthCo current management staff displays objection to a work-life benefits strategy. This is due to the lack of knowledge of and the lack of skills required in implementing the change.The benefit of the intervention would include the development of the required knowledge and skills for the implementation of the necessary changes. b) biography Plann ing and Development. The diagnostic data points to a lack of importance in the value of the work-life benefits for the female employees within HealthCo. A new set of benefits could be identified and then implemented. A work-life balance intervention could identified and then implement a new work-life benefits package. Question 3 What do you see as the key issues in HealthCo becoming a top company in terms of work-life benefits?Based on data collected HealthCo faces one key issue in achieving the stated goal of CEO, Dr. Palmer, become a top company in terms of work-life benefits. Regardless of what change is made to the current benefits program, HealthCos current management and leadership are not sufficiently prepared to implement the change. With the implementation of a management and leadership development intervention HealthCos management will have developed the skills and knowledge to implement new organizational strategies.

Punctuality in the Military Essay

Punctuality in a military environment is crucial as it enables tasks to be completed, and every last(predicate)ows leading to conduct office, PCCs and PCIs for particular operations. Also, depending on the severity or how often a pass conducts the offense, being late shadower lead to UCMJ action. This canvass will provide in some detail the benefits of being punctual as well as note possible consequences. On a small scale, being punctual for formations and general points of duty allows leaders to ensure accountability for their soldiers, address notes and tasks for the day, and promotes organization within the building block. In a larger picture, everyones responsibilities for the day are dependent on the entire unit to be where they need to be at the portion sentence. For example, in the event of a comp each going to the range the armor has to be available to open up the arms room to issue the weapons as leaders need ample m to take accountability of their soldiers and to thoroughly conduct pre-combat checks and pre-combat inspections.Support units are obligated to arrive on time due to their duty to provide ammunition and transportation. Something as simple as the armor being late can arrive at a domino effect for the entire mission. Repeated tardiness can cause a lot of issues for the unit however it more than likely can severely impact the soldier making the offense. leading whitethorn choose to annotate events of tardiness in the service members counseling packet. If the soldier has received seemly counselings, or if a single event is severe, then the leader can push for administrative action much(prenominal) as filing for an Article 15. A soldier who is late can be charged with entrancement to multiple punitive articles prescribed in the UCMJ Article. 86. Absence with surface leaveAny member of the build up forces who, without self-confidence (1) fails to go to his appointed place of duty at the time prescribed (2) goes from that place or (3) absents himself or remains absent from his unit, organization, or place of duty at which he is required to be at the time prescribed shall be punished as a court-martial may direct.Article 87. lose movementAny person subject to this chapter who through neglect or design misses the movement of a ship, aircraft, or unit with which he is required in thecourse of duty to move shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Article 92. Failure to obey order or codeAny person subject to this chapter who (1) violates or fails to obey any lawful general order or regulation (2) having knowledge of any other lawful order issued by a member of the armed forces, which it is his duty to obey, fails to obey the order or (3) is derelict in the performance of his duties shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Granted, some situations arent as severe as other but being late is something that can become a reoccurring issue should it be left to become a habit. A habit like that ca n lead a soldier to being late for something that is very near, like missing movement for deployment or real-world mission. In a situation like that, lateness is a serious offense and can the leave the soldier with heavy consequences. Being late, should it become a chronic problem, can also severely impact a soldiers professional instruction.Not only by having adverse effects within his development in the unit but when it comes to being looked at for schools or professional progression. A good leader is not going to recommend a soldier for Warrior Leaders Course or any tab school if he cant trust the soldier to be on time. At WLC here on Fort Carson, if you are inexcusably late at one time then you are not eligible for Commandants List even if you have the highest grade point average in the academy. If you are late a second time then you can be remove from the academy, if not removed then you can be written a marginal 1059 and with that any soldier looking to the Army as a care er will have a difficult, if not impossible, time getting promoted. In a situation like that, it becomes a wasted effort for the academy, or any other NCOES school, a waste and embarrassment for the unit and the leader that recommended the soldier in the first place.That is time and money being spent on a soldier that may have been seen as having authorization to being a great leader but because something as simple as being on time put him in the position to be kicked out then he is stuck either having to restore the course, granted if he gets another opportunity depending on his leaders or the unit. From what I have intimate from talking to a senior soldier, there was a point where if a soldier got kicked out of a NCOES school for being late then he is put onto the bottom of the waiting list and intimately dont get a second chance at the course. I personally may notbe staying in the Army but I still have months before I am out the door. I still need to abide by the Army standar d so that I do not either develop bad habits that can hinder my professional development in the civilian sector nor cause myself to be in trouble as I wager towards beginning my transition out of the service.There are ways I can help myself to always be on time, for instance, I can make sure that my alarm is set and is loud equal so I dont sleep through it. I can set myself enough time in the morning so I dont have to rush out the door and I have enough of a buffer in the event traffic at the gate decides its going to be extra bad one particular morning. If, by all means, I have done everything to prevent myself from being late and the situation still puts me in the position, I am to notify my leadership well before my appointed time.

Short History of Bank

The History of JPMorgan avocation & Co. 200 years of Leadership in riming Table of Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 16 This bronze sculpture, A River, is a cast of a famous see created by Jean-Jacques Caffieri in 1759. It depicts Oceanus, the Greek god of wet. Oceanus was portrayed in the lodges outgrowth logo, representing its roue as a water union. The imprecate of The Manhattan Company used numerous versions of Oceanus from its founding in 1799 finished the mid-1950s when it merged with train subject field hope.Introduction The startle The Manhattan Company Early Growth of depository financial institutions The courtly cont block off and field of study deponeing Origins and Influence of J. P. Morgan & Co. Financing Major Projects af heartying at the Beginning of the twentieth Century The earth fight I Years The Roaring 20s The 1929 Market Crash and the Great Depression showtime-Class Business Glass-Steag alone field fight II world( prenominal) buzzwording trusting constancy Consolidation Development of Credit identity card game ATMs and Debit Cards Home entrusting by Computer Difficult Competitive Environment Erosion and Repeal of Glass-Steagall Deregulation and Industry Consolidation Key Mergers That Shaped JPMorgan following & Co.JPMorgan dock & Co. Today C all over Image References 17 17 19 20 21 The History of JPMorgan hobby & Co. Introduction JPMorgan Chase & Co. is angiotensin converting enzyme of the worlds oldest, grandst and best- cognise m wiztary institutions. Since our founding in saucy York in 1799, we have succeeded and grown by audience to our customers and meeting their needs. As a global financial run bulletproof with routines in more than 50 countries, JPMorgan Chase & Co. combines ii of the worlds premier financial brands J. P. Morgan and Chase. The firm is a drawing card in enthronement anking financial operate for consumers, small business and notesmaking(prenominal) ized avowing financial transaction affect asset pick bulge outment and head-to-head equity. A component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, JPMorgan Chase & Co. serves millions of consumers in the unify States and numerous of the worlds just about prominent corpo regu latterly, institutional and government clients. JPMorgan Chase & Co. is built on the substructure of more than 1,000 predecessor institutions that have come to hurther over the years to trunk straight offs company. Our some well-known heritage argots include J. P. Morgan & Co. , The Chase Manhattan lodge, Bank angiotensin-converting enzyme, Manufacturers Hanover religion Co. chemical Bank, The beginning national Bank of Chicago and depicted object Bank of Detroit, each closely tied in its time to innovations in finance and the festering of the get together States and global economies. The pages that follow provide highlights of the JPMorgan Chase & Co. story our bill, our predecessor institution s, our people, our operate and our philosophy. The Bank of The Manhattan Co. , JPMorgan Chase & Co. s earliest predecessor, commissioned this striking silver Tiffany & Co. ashtray in the 1950s. 1 The Beginning The Manhattan Company Commercial coin lingoing in the join States got its start immediately after the Revolutionary War.The earliest American rims play a central role in the nations sparing and industrial growth by lending money, safeguarding deposits and issuing depone notes that were used as up-to-dateness. The Bank of fresh York founded in 1784 by Alexander Hamilton, who became George Washingtons treasury Secretary was the foremost commercial message bound in modernistic York metropolis. It had no competition until 1799 when Hamiltons political rival, Aaron take away, a U. S. Senator and future vice prexy of the coupled States, founded The Bank of The Manhattan Co. JPMorgan Chase traces its beginnings to Burrs fledgling institution.The Bank of The Manhatta n Co. had an unusual beginning. Burr led a conference of bare-ass Yorkers, including Hamilton, in obtaining a read charter for a company to supply fresh water to the residents of Lower Manhattan. At Burrs initiative, the charter included a provision allowing the company to prosecute its free capital in any activity not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the get together States. Burr then used that provision to start a shore. The waterworks, called The Manhattan Co. , laid a network of pipes make from hollowed pine logs and distributed water until 1842.The Bank of The Manhattan Co. outlived the waterworks and became one of the leading(p) intrusting institutions in the nation lending money and underwriting bonds, for instance, to supporter finance the Erie render, which loose in 1825. The Manhattan Co. wooden pipes carried water to more than 2,000 customers in Lower Manhattan for 43 years until the creation of modern York Citys municipal water system. Woode n water pipes are simmer down being unearthed by utility workers instantly. Alexander Hamilton collaborated with Aaron Burr and early(a) civic leaders to establish The Manhattan Co.However, Hamilton remote Burrs insertion of a provision in its charter enabling the water company to open a bank and withdrew his connection to the new firm. Antagonism between these two men over a mix of issues raged until 1804 when Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel Hamilton was mortally wounded. The pistols were owned by Hamiltons br separate-in-law, throne Church, whose granddaughter sold them to The Bank of The Manhattan Co. in 1930. 2 The chemical substance Bank in unsanded York sold its factory in 1851, keep solely as a bank. The bank used the engraving shown here of the factory on clove pink papersations in the 1950s.The stained glass window and 25 cent fractional note from 1817 are from The westward fill-in Bank in Warren, Ohio, Bank integritys earliest predecessor. Early Growth of Banks As America expanded and diversified in the 1800s, new banks were formed across the nation. JPMorgan Chase has historic think to many of these early institutions, including The Western Reserve Bank, one of the initial banks in Ohio when it was organized in 1812 game State Bank of Indiana, formed in 1834 when Indianapolis still was a frontier town with a population of about 1,500 and Springfield Marine and Fire Insurance Co. which began operation in Illinois in 1851. Abraham capital of Nebraska was one of its frontmost customers, depositing $310. All three banks are predecessors of Bank angiotensin converting enzyme, which merged with JPMorgan Chase in 2004. idiosyncratic reads controlled the creation of banks in the early 1800s, and several(prenominal) states were highly restrictive in granting charters or awarding them sole(prenominal) to organizers who be giganticed to the political revealy in power. Demand for banking goods was so great, however, that entrepreneurs some time found ways to get around such prohibitions. Some of the banks were offshoots of industrial or commercial businesses. juvenile York Manufacturing Co. egan in 1812 as a manufacturer of cottonprocessing equipment and switched to banking five years posterior. It was a forerunner of Manufacturers Hanover invest Co. on the JPMorgan Chase family tree. In 1823, the New York Chemical Manufacturing Co. began producing medicines, paints and dyes at a plant in Greenwich Village. It modeled its charter on The Manhattan Co. , using its excess capital in 1824 to posterior open a bank called The Chemical Bank, which joined the JPMorgan Chase family in 1996. To sidestep Wisconsins prohibition against banking, Scottish immigrant George Smith founded the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Co. n 1839, which, condescension its distinguish, operated like a bank by accepting deposits and issuing bank notes redeemable in metallic. The notes, known popularly as George Smiths money, were u sed as currency finishedout the Midwest. By one estimate, they delineate about 75% of the currency in circulation in Chicago in 1854. Smiths company became the starting time legally approved bank in Wisconsin following statehood and later was known as The Marine Corp. , merging with Bank wholeness in 1988. 3 The Baroque-era iron chest was used from 1809 to 1818 to canalize currency and valuables between The Bank of The Manhattan Co. s Wall Street smudge and its sleevees in Utica and Poughkeepsie, New York. JPMorgan Chase & Co. has an great collection of early currency, including the eldest $1 national greenback note, printed in 1862 by the U. S. treasury with the image of Salmon P. Chase. Chase field of study Banks first permanent office open up in 1878 at 104 Broadway the first New York City bank without a Wall Street address. The Civil War and topic Banking By 1860, just prior to the Civil War, the nation had more than 1,500 commercial banks with nearly $700 million of loans outstanding.The war brought challenge and change. The joined States did not have a unified national currency when the war began. Instead, individual banks issued piece of music money in the form of notes. Although this system had served the nation well in its formative years, more than 7,000 different types of bank notes of various shapes, sizes and colors issued by various banking institutions were in circulation, resulting in confusion and inefficiency. The situation changed in 1862 when the Union began printing greenback currency to help finance the war.With the pass of the syndicate(a) Banking Act of 1863, the United States adopted a dual system of federal and state leased banks. One of the pioneering institutions was The starting signal upcountry Bank of Chicago, which received federal charter number eight in 1863 eldest National became part of Bank One in 1998. Other predecessors founded or reorganized in the wake of the National Banking Act include Hanove r National Bank (New York), Indiana National Bank (Indianapolis), The National Bank of occupation (New York), State National Bank (Evanston, Illinois) and Union National Bank (Chicago).Initially, but a handful of banks applied for national charters, but the trickle briefly became a flood in 1865 when the federal government began imposing a 10% tax on bank notes issued by state banks. By 1868, there were only 247 state banks left in the entire country compared with 1,640 national banks. Many aspect that state banks would disappear altogether, but a surprising suitaround occurred Forced to find a easement for notes, state banks invented following- softening pack deposits (deposits that could be withdrawn at any time).With this new service at their disposal, state banks rebounded and outnumbered national banks by 1894. Both types of institutions continue today, contributing to Americas decentralized banking system in which banks of varying sizes serve the needs of small busines ses, large businesses and consumers in local, regional, national and multinational markets. During the severe economic downturn in the decade following the Civil War, John Thompson, a 75-year-old Wall Street paper and banker, established Chase National Bank in a one-room office in Manhattan in 1877.Thompson named the bank in honor of his late friend, Salmon P. Chase, who had not only been President Lincolns exchequer Secretary but in addition had served as governor of Ohio and chief justice of the United States. The firm soon became a respected correspondent bank and expanded rapidly in the early 20th speed of light by developing a large bodily business. By 1930, it was the worlds largest bank, with assets of $2. 7 billion. In 1955, it merged with The Bank of The Manhattan Co. to form The Chase Manhattan Bank. 4 This sterling silver guest book cover, 1895, and dinner party service pitcher were commissioned for J.Pierpont Morgans yacht. Corsair was the name given to all quatern ity of the travel yachts owned by the Morgans between 1882 and 1943. J. Pierpont Morgan played a pivotal role in resolving the two-week-long financial crisis in October 1907. His syndicate memorandum outlined plans for the purchase of $30 million in bonds to prevent New York City from defaulting on its obligations. Origins and Influence of J. P. Morgan & Co. JPMorgan Chases otherwise namesake predecessor, J. P. Morgan & Co. , was founded in New York in 1871 as Drexel, Morgan & Co. by J. PierpontMorgan and Philadelphia banker Anthony Drexel. The new merchant banking partnership served signly as an agent for Europeans investing in the United States, ultimately raising much of the capital to support American industrial expansion. It did not take long for the Drexel-Morgan partnership to establish itself as the nations pre-eminent private domestic and foreign bank. The firm made its first big splash in 1879 when it sold financier William Vanderbilts New York Central rail line argum ent without driving down the share price. The deal involving the largest lock of stock ever offered to that time was a huge success, emphasizing Morgans strength as a mobilizer of capital and wholesaler of securities. From that point forward, the Morgan firm was closely associated with the railroad perseverance. Railroads in the United States were plagued throughout the late nineteenth snow by overcapacity and rate wars, but J. Pierpont Morgan saw opportunity in the situation. He became an industry consolidator, reorganizing financially troubled railroads by gaucherie their costs, restructuring their debt, placing their stock in boldnesss he managed and appointing fourth-year executives who were loyal to him.This process, called Morganization, was applied to the Northern Pacific, the Erie, the Reading and many other railroads. By the end of his career, Morgan had an integral role in approximately one-sixth of the track in the United States. J. Pierpont Morgan began his career as the New York agent of his father Junius London-based private bank. He became one of Americas most powerful and influential bankers, heading what became the nations pre-eminent private bank.As the American railroad network neared culmination in the 1890s, the Morgan houses turned to providing funds for the great industrial mergers, including General Electric, U. S. Steel and International Harvester. J. P. Morgan & Co. , as it later was known, became the most powerful investment bank in the world and J. Pierpont Morgan, known for his integrity and judgment, one of bills most influential and powerful bankers, personally intervening in business disputes and orchestrating solutions during economic crises. When gold reserves fell in 1894, J. Pierpont Morgan formed a syndicate to save he gold measuring rod for the U. S. government and, through his influence, played a central role during the 1907 financial panic, saving several trust companies and a leading brokerage house, bailing ou t the City of New York and rescuing the New York Stock Exchange. 5 Orville Wrights passbook from 1912 to 1918 from his account at Bank One predecessor Winters National Bank in Dayton, Ohio. Predecessors of Texas Commerce Bancshares, Inc. helped finance the Houston post Channel, today one of the busiest waterways in the United States, linking the port of Houston and petrochemical plants along the channel with the disconnectedness of Mexico.Financing Major Projects The late 19th and early 20th centuries were an era of memorable engineering projects and rotatory technologies, many financed with capital from heritage JPMorgan Chase institutions. The Brooklyn aver Co. was a major lender for the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, completed in 1883, which featured the worlds longest suspension span. William L. Strong, founder of The New York Security & assert Co. , was a member of the American finance committee that raised funds for the Statue of Libertys pedestal, the largest 19th century concrete structure in the United States.In 1904, J. P. Morgan & Co. helped finance the Panama Canal by raising $40 million for the U. S. government to bribe land rights from the bankrupt French Panama Canal Co. The purchase, at the time, was the largest real estate transaction in history. 6 In 1911, Union National Bank and National Bank of Commerce in Houston, predecessors of legacy institution Texas Commerce Bancshares, Inc. , helped finance the construction of the 50-mile-long Houston Ship Channel, one of the largest public projects in the Southwest.These banks persuaded other Houston banks to purchase unsold municipal bonds issued to finance the channels construction. The Houston Ship Channel undefendable in 1914 to great fanfare and today is one of the busiest waterways in the United States. Apart from major construction projects, Winters National Bank in Dayton, Ohio, was present at the birth of aviation, providing banking services to the pioneering Wright brothers f rom the early years of their bicycle shop in the 1890s through their invention of the worlds first successful airplane.The Statue of Liberty was partly financed by a group that included the president of a Chemical Bank predecessor, The New York Security & Trust Co. This bank later merged with The Liberty National Bank, which used the statue as its logo between 1891 and 1921. The Brooklyn Trust Co. , a Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. predecessor, helped finance construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, which opened in 1883. Pictured here are regional predecessors, from left to right First National Bank of Mantua, Ohio National Exchange Bank, Milwaukee, Wisconsin and South Texas National Bank.Porters carrying a currency chest at Fourth National Bank, a Chase Manhattan Bank predecessor, in 1910. Banking at the Beginning of the 20th Century Banking at the cut through of the 20th century was different in many ways than it is today. Most states the primary banking regulators at the turn of t he century prohibited or severely restricted branching, fearing that small banks might have trouble competing with large banks if branching were allowed. As a result, the United States was a nation of one-office banks, the vast majority of which were small institutions.In 1898, New York became one of the first states to permit branch banking on a limited scale when it allowed New York City banks to have branches anywhere in the citys five boroughs. The Corn Exchange Bank, a predecessor of Chemical Bank, right away capitalized on the new rules, opening a dozen branches within four years and changing its focus from providing impute to grain merchants to serving sell customers. When New York City inaugurated its underground system in 1904, the bank opened branch offices in residential areas along the subway lines to serve commuters.In 1913, Congress established the national Reserve System to regulate the money supply and manage the economy. The Federal Reserve formally assumed th e role of central banker that had been informally held by J. Pierpont Morgan for years. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 gave national banks the right to make real estate loans and exercise trust powers. The 19th century bodily seal shaped like a lions head and the Brandt Automatic Cashier, a mechanically skillful change maker from the 1920s used by bank tellers, are examples of early mechanical devices used in banks. 7 warrant Trust Co. mployees, below, posed at an officers training camp in Plattsburgh, New York, in 1917. The Ouachita National Bank in Monroe, Louisiana, distributed this 1919 customer brochure, left, profiling all-important(a) leaders in the Allied cause. Patriotic imagery was used extensively in posters to spur sales, as in this one from 1918. Many JPMorgan Chase & Co. predecessors were active in the distribution of War Bonds that helped finance the American war effort. The globe War I Years World War I was devastating for Europe, America and the world. Many ban k employees joined the armed forces, in some cases giving their lives.J. P. Morgan & Co. played a major role in support the Allied victory. In September 1915, the firm arranged a $500 million Anglo-French loan, at that time the largest foreign loan in Wall Street history. Moreover, the firm was chosen by the European Allies as their U. S. purchasing agent. Its purchases during the war involving allthing from horses to artillery shells came to $3 billion, representing nearly half of all American supplies sold to the European Allies. The war was, at the same time, a watershed for the U. S. economy and the nations banks.The United States was a net debtor nation when the war began in 1914. After the war, with many move of Europe in ruins and desperately in need of reconstruction loans, the United States supplied much of the capital and became a net book of factsor nation. In the process, New York emerged as the worlds leading capital market. Before the United States entered the wa r, J. P. Morgan & Co. aided the British and French, arranging a $500 million loan that was offered to investors in the United States. Britains King George V sent this cable personally thanking J. P. Morgan, Jr. , for his wartime help. Shanghai The Roaring 20s The banking industry changed dramatically in the 1920s, a decade of innovation and diversification. Many banks formed investment departments to meet customer demand for government and corporate securities. Some large banks went beyond the marketing of securities and established underwriting affiliates. Chase National Bank and warrantee Trust Co. in New York became major players in the underwriting business Chase in 1917 through its Chase Securities Corp. affiliate and Guaranty Trust through its Guaranty Co. affiliate, established four years later.variegation took banks into other areas as well. In 1919, The First National Bank of Chicago created an affiliate, First National investment Co. , which invested in chip mortgages a nd operated a travel agency. The 1920s also saw a wave of bank mergers, failures and voluntary liquidations, with the result that the number of banks in the United States declined by 20% from 1921 to 1929. Global expansion was some other key theme of the 1920s, made possible by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, which removed many legal obstacles in the chartering of overseas branches.Ironically, some banks suddenly found it easier to establish branch offices in remote lands than to overcome state anti-branching laws in order to open branches at office. Chase National Bank, after acquiring five banks during the 1920s and three Latin American branches in Cuba and Panama, merged with The Equitable Trust Co. of New York in 1930. Equitable Trusts branches in Mexico City, London, Paris, Hong Kong, Paris Shanghai and Tianjin all became part of Chase when the two companies merged. Chase began the 1930s with one of the banking industrys larger overseas branch systems, with a presence in E urope, Asia and Latin America.The Chase-Equitable merger not only created the worlds largest bank in terms of assets and deposits but also gave the Rockefeller family, which controlled Equitable, a strong connection to Chase. The Rockefellers have been associated with Chase ever since. not only were banks pertained in foreign opportunities, so were many stock market investors. In 1927, Guaranty Trust Co. opened the way for Americans to vitiate foreign stocks by inventing the American Depositary Receipt (ADR). JPMorgan Chase & Co. continues as the leading ADR depositary bank today. San Juan LondonForeign branches, such as those in Shanghai, Paris, San Juan and London, offered full-service banking in the 1920s, including trade financial backing and government loans. 9 On March 24, 1933 customers mobbed the new National Bank of Detroit to open 562 accounts on the banks opening day, following six weeks without banking services in Detroit. Customers brought in bundles of currency and coins ranging from a some hundred to several hundred thousand dollars. Numerous First National Bank of Chicago customers wrote letter to Melvin Traylor, the banks president, thanking him for inspiring confidence and offering him their support.The 1929 Market Crash and the Great Depression Although the banking industry had an abundance of money to lend in the 1920s, large corporations borrowed less, choosing instead to finance a sizable pot of their capital needs in the stock and bond markets. Consequently, banks sought new lending outlets, including loans to individuals speculating in the stock market. As the stock market rose, these loans produced solid returns. But when the market crashed in October 1929, many of the loans went into default.For the banking industry, the 1930s would be the most difficult period in history. In the years after the crash, thousands of banks faced hard times because of loan losses, depositor withdrawals, 10 inadequate reserves and, in some cases, the collapse of speculative investments made in the 1920s. Even well-capitalized, well-managed institutions were battered by the financial panics that swept across the nation. In June 1932, depositors began withdrawing money from First National Chicagos largest bank when unknown individuals circulated flyers claiming First National was insolvent.Media reports speculated that the attacks were the work of political enemies of First Nationals president, Melvin Traylor, considered a potential Democratic Party nominee for U. S. president. Traylor responded to the attacks with an impassioned speech, attesting to First Nationals soundness, ending the run. In Houston, two of the citys major banks were on the brink of collapse in October 1931. National Bank of Commerce President Jesse Jones called a secret meeting of the citys bank leaders, urging them to pool $1. 25 million to save the failing institutions.Some of the bankers did not want to essay any of their limited capital, but Jones arg ued that allowing the two banks to collapse might bring down the entire banking welkin in the city. A rescue was finally agreed to, including the absorption of one of the failing banks by Jones National Bank of Commerce. Because of his leadership, not a single bank in Houston collapsed during the Depression. While thousands of banks across the country went out of business during the 30s, JPMorgan Chase predecessor National Bank of Detroit was formed at the very depths of the Depression.After breads governor declared an eight-day bank holiday in February 1933 closing all of Michigans banks so they could regroup financially Detroits two largest banks lacked the funds to reopen, leaving the city virtually without banking services for the next six weeks. General Motors Corp. and the federal Reconstruction Finance Corp. , the government agency that provided emergency financing to banks, stepped into this void to establish National Bank of Detroit. Local corporations and consumers, de sperate for geting services, flocked to the new institution.On the banks first day, Chrysler Corp. deposited $4 million, General Motors $1 million and General Electric Co. $500,000. The two founding institutions divested their self-possession in the 1940s, and National Bank of Detroit grew into the largest bank in Michigan. It merged with First Chicago Corp. in 1995 to form First Chicago NBD Corp. first-class business in a first-class way In whitethorn 1933, J. P. Morgan, Jr. , who had become the senior partner of J. P. Morgan & Co. following his fathers death in 1913, testified at a serial publication of Senate committee hearings.He publicly stated the guiding principle of his firm to take in first-class business in a first-class way. First-Class Business In May 1933, J. P. diddly-shit Morgan, Jr. , as well as several Morgan partners and other major bank executives, testified at hearings held by the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency investigating the causes of the 19 29 stock market crash and the subsequent banking crisis. The hearings raised the move of the role banks played in the speculative fever leading up to the crash. J. P. Morgan & Co. as the first private bank investigated and Jack Morgan the first Morgan witness. In his opening statement, Jack Morgan emphasized with great dignity the duties and moral philosophy of the private banker upheld by three generations of Morgans at the firm and still a cornerstone of JPMorgan Chase & Co. today If I may be permitted to speak of the firm of which I have the honour to be the senior partner, I should state that at all times the idea of doing only first-class business, and that in a firstclass way, has been onward our minds.We have neer been satisfied with simply keeping within the law, but have eer sought so to act that we might fully observe the professional code, and so maintain the quote and reputation which has been handed down to us from our predecessors in the firm. This build at 23 Wall Street, which opened in 1914, was the headquarters of J. P. Morgan & Co. for 75 years. It embodied the discreet style of business that characterized the firm. The building facade never bore a name, only the number 23 on its entrance doors. 11Wartime volunteer activities of bank employees included keeping blood drives, assembling care boxes, knitting clothes and raising money to buy ambulances. Chase National Bank employees folded surgical dressings. Arm bands, far left, were given to New Yorks Manufacturers Trust Co. air raid wardens. World War II ad campaigns furtherd the patriotic efforts of banks as bond sellers, buyers of exchequer securities and lenders to industry. Glass-Steagall In the wake of the banking crisis, President Franklin D. Roosevelts administration sought legislation to reduce banking risk. Congress responded by passing the Banking Act of 1933.Popularly known as GlassSteagall, the act created federal deposit insurance, prohibited the allowance of interest on checking accounts and sure the Federal Reserve to impose a jacket on the interest banks could pay on time deposits and savings accounts. Equally important, the law erected a wall between commercial banking (taking deposits and making loans) and investment banking (underwriting securities). Three predecessors, in particular, had to make a choice. J. P. Morgan & Co. , still the worlds most powerful bank, chose to continue as a commercial bank, spinning off its investment banking activities.Guaranty Trust Co. , which also had a major presence in commercial and investment banking, closed its securities affiliate and underwriting business. Morgan and Guaranty merged in 1959 to create Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York, later forming a holding company that restored the famous J. P. Morgan & Co. name. For Chase National Bank, the decision was relatively easy. Its newly elected chairman, Winthrop Aldrich, had spoken out publicly in favor of driving a wedge between commercial and inv estment banking. Chase National complied immediately with the new law, closing or spinning off all its Chase securities affiliates.World War II The banking industry recovered from the trauma of early 1933 and began to stabilize. More than 4,000 banks had failed during the year. In 1934, there were just 61 failures over the next eight years, 53 institutions, on average, failed annually. After America entered the war in 1941, U. S. commercial banks again became the leading distributors of War Bonds, which were sold in denominations as small as $10. By wars end, more than 60% of the American population had bought War Bonds, with total purchases coming to $186 billion.Hundreds of thousands of bank employees served in the military during the war. As men (and some women) left their jobs to enlist, banks appointed women to positions previously held by men an initial small fracturing of the traditional male dominance of banking. The Great Depression had highlighted the need for increased g lobal cooperation to countermand another worldwide economic collapse. Toward the end of World War II, policymakers in the United States, Great Britain and other nations began to develop an international system aimed at promoting financial stability and encouraging global trade. 12During World War II, Valley National Bank, the largest bank in genus Arizona, offered a unique loan of up to $ three hundred to airmen stationed at Arizona airfields, enabling them to travel on home leaves. One hundred percent of the airmen repaid their loans. In 1973, Chase Manhattan Bank chairman David Rockefeller visited china and met with Chinese Prime Minister Chou En-Lai. Chase became the first U. S. correspondent to the Bank of China since the 1949 Chinese Revolution. London As one of the first U. S. banks to recognize growing international trade, Chase National Bank used a bold ad campaign to promote its capabilities abroad.Chase National Banks Tokyo branch initially concentrated on assisting Am erican businesses in the development of trade with Japan. By the early 1950s, Chase opened a branch in Osaka, as well as additional branches on American bases in Japan, providing banking services to U. S. military personnel. Global Banking Globalization in the postwar period began slowly. By 1965, only 12 U. S. banks had opened branches outside the United States. These included five predecessors of JPMorgan Chase The Chase Manhattan Bank, Chemical Bank, The First National Bank of Chicago, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. nd Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. Chases postwar expansion was led by David Rockefeller, who joined the bank in 1946 as assistant manager of the Foreign Department after serving in armament intelligence during World War II. He was elected vice president of Chase in 1949, president in 1961 and chief executive officer in 1969. In 1947, at the invitation of U. S. military Paris In 1960, the newly formed Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. opened a second London branch on Berkeley Sq uare. Its Paris office on the historic Place Vendome was germinated by J. P. Morgan & Co. in 1917.It remains the firms main office in Paris today. authorities, Chase established the first U. S. postwar bank branches in Germany and Japan. These branches joined existing Chase branches in London and Paris and were followed by the opening of others around the world. In the 1970s, Chase added nearly 40 new branches, representative offices, affiliates, subsidiaries and joint ventures outside the United States, including two historic firsts in 1973 Chase opened a representative office in Moscow, the first presence for a U. S. bank in the Soviet Union since the 1920s and Chase became the first U.S. correspondent to the Bank of China since the 1949 Chinese Revolution. In addition to Chase, several other predecessors transformed themselves into global institutions. Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. became a major international player. Prior to the merger with Guaranty Trust Co. , J. P. Morgan owned a one-third interest in London merchant bank Morgan Grenfell & Co. while Guaranty had maintained a London office since early 1897. These operations were a platform for global expansion. By 1965, Morgan Guaranty had five overseas branches, and by 1978, it had 16.Among Midwestern banks, The First National Bank of Chicago was perhaps the most active internationally, establishing offices in 25 countries by 1973. By 1980, some 160 U. S. banks were operating branch or representative offices outside the United States. In turn, many banks in Europe, Asia and other regions extended their operations to the United States. 13 This 1955 ad denote the merger of Chase National Bank and The Bank of The Manhattan Co. Pictured here, from left to right, are logos from JPMorgan Chase & Co. predecessor holding companies Horizon Bancorp (N.J. ), American National Corp. (Ill. ), American Fletcher Corp. (Ind. ), Texas Commerce Bancshares, Inc. and First Banc Group of Ohio, later renamed Bank One Corp. Ban king Industry Consolidation In addition to the powerful trend toward globalization, a second major postwar trend was industry consolidation through mergers, acquisitions and the formation of multi-bank holding companies. In New York City, a wave of mergers created a few big banks serving many customers through extensive branch networks. All four of JPMorgan Chases major New York City heritage firms J.P. Morgan & Co. , The Chase Manhattan Bank, Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. and Chemical Bank grew through mergers in the 1950s. After passage of the 1956 Bank Holding Company Act, all four created holding companies that gained popularity and helped shape the industry for decades. The new law allowed holding companies owning just one bank to diversify into some nonbanking activities. 14 First Banc Group of Ohio, formed in 1968, was one of the most progressive and successful multi-bank holding companies in the nation, created by City National Bank & Trust Co. f capital of Ohio and Far mers Saving & Trust Co. , a smaller Ohio bank. First Banc Group acquired banks throughout Ohio and later extended its acquisitions to Arizona, conscientious objector, Indiana, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin and other states. The company later changed its name to Bank One Corp. the nation to offer customers a single retail charge account that provided doctrine at a citywide network of stores. In 1966, shortly before founding First Banc Group of Ohio, City National Bank & Trust Co. of Columbus became one of the first banks outside California to introduce BankAmericard, the precursor of visa.Five years later, City National was involved with the first major national test of point-of-sale terminals for processing character card transactions. Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. and Chemical Bank entered the national credit card business in 1969 as founding members of the Eastern States Bankcard Association. This group cogitate up with other regional bank groups to form a comprehensive network th at began issuing tease under the Master Charge Plan (now MasterCard), a direct competitor of BankAmericard. In 1981, Bank One received national attention for linking its Visa card issuance and data processing technology to several ajor brokerage firms money market funds, giving customers access to their money market accounts through their Visa cards. Propelled in part by the popularity of this new service, Bank One became the nations largest processor of Visa card transactions. Development of Credit Cards Although the first multi-use credit card was launched by Diners Club in 1950, credit cards did not gain widespread public acceptance until the late 1960s. Several JPMorgan Chase predecessors played key roles. In 1958, The Chase Manhattan Bank introduced the Chase Manhattan Charge Plan, becoming the first New York City bank and one of the first inBy 1969, the Chase Manhattan Charge Plan had become the leading bank credit card in the New York area. Through the vision and foresight o f Chairman John G. McCoy, City National Bank & Trust Co. launched several intersection pointion model cashdispensing machines in 1970, using BankAmericard credit cards. Columbus, Ohio, became a test market for the new technology. ATMs and Debit Cards JPMorgan Chase predecessors were instrumental in introducing modify teller machines (ATM), which revolutionized banking by allowing customers to conduct transactions from almost any ATM in the world.In 1969, Chemical Bank installed the first prototype cash-dispensing machine in America, a precursor of the ATM, becoming the first bank in the country to allow customers to withdraw cash 24 hours a day. City National Bank & Trust Co. of Columbus also embraced the new technology, installing the first production-model cash-dispensing machines in 1970. Several predecessors of JPMorgan Chase also were instrumental in forming some of the early electronic banking networks to enable customers to withdraw funds from ATMs not only at their own ban ks but also at competitor banks.Marine National Exchange Bank of Milwaukee helped establish TYME (Take Your Money Everywhere) National Bank of Detroit was a founder of METROMONEY, the first shared electronic bank terminal program in Michigan and in 1985, Chemical Bank and Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. were among the founders of NYCE (New York Cash Exchange), the first automated teller network in the New York metropolitan area. Bank calculate cards, introduced in the late 1970s, enabled customers to withdraw cash from ATMs, pay for retail purchases with a card in lieu of a check and access additional banking services.The Chase Manhattan Bank introduced the Chase Money Card the first Visa debit card offered by a bank in New York. In 1969, Chemical Banks prototype cash-dispensing machine, developed by Docutel Corp. , was designed to be activated by magnetic-encoded Master Charge credit cards. 15 As promoted in this early 1980s ad, The First National Bank of Chicago offered the firs t bank account fully competitive with money market funds and insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Home Banking by Computer Several JPMorgan Chase predecessors played key roles in the development of home banking.In 1980, Bank One developed and tested one of the earliest online home banking services. Called Channel 2000, it allowed bank customers to view their bank and department store balances on a television screen, pay bills and shift money between accounts. The service worked over regular telephone lines the Internet which is used today for home banking was not commercialized until 1987. In 1983, Chemical Bank introduced Pronto, the first major full-fledged online banking service. use a home computer, modem and software, customers could pay bills, transfer funds, review account balances, track budgets and balance their checkbooks.After establishing the service in New York, Chemical began licensing it to banks around the country and later introduced a version fo r small businesses. In 1985, The Chase Manhattan Bank launched its electronic home banking service, called Spectrum, which not only permitted banking transactions but also allowed customers to buy and sell stocks through a discount broker affiliated with Chase. Difficult Competitive Environment The restrictions impose on banks by Glass-Steagall began to erode in the 1970s as competition from nonbanking institutions and the growing role of echnology lot change. Innovative financial products were launched by brokers, mutual fund companies, savings banks and other providers products that enabled customers to earn higher returns on their money and enjoy greater flexibility in managing their assets. Many of these products competed with savings accounts, checking accounts and other banking services. In this prolific environment of innovation and change, regulatory policies originally aimed at protecting banks were handicapping their ability to compete, and rate deregulation began slowl y.In 1978, the Federal Reserve authorized banks to issue a new product the six-month money market certificate with a variable rate ceiling tied to six-month Treasury bills. Nearly all of JPMorgan Chases predecessor banks offered the certificates. Later that same year, banks were authorized to introduce sweep services, overcoming the long-standing prohibition against paying interest on checking accounts. This helped banks compete with brokerage firm sweep programs and thrift institutions interest-paying NOW checking accounts, which combine checking and savings in a single account.When in 1979 commercial banks got regulatory approval to offer NOW checking accounts, The Chase Manhattan Bank was among the first to introduce the new service. Spurred in part by this piecemeal and sometimes complex deregulation, Congress passed the secretary Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980, which phased out all savings rate ceilings on consumer accounts over a six-year period, completely removing the rate ceilings imposed by Glass-Steagall by 1986. Ever committed to advancing bank technology, JPMorgan Chases predecessors were innovators of early home banking technologies.Bank One tested Channel 2000 in 1980. 16 By the 1980s, debate over banking deregulation and the removal of barriers between commercial and investment banking had raged for nearly two decades. J. P. Morgan & Co. Chairman Dennis Weatherstone, pictured in the 1986 Fortune article, was eager for underwriting. The Chase Manhattan Bank campaigned aggressively for the repeal of Glass-Steagall. A 1988 ad noted that 77% of business executives in non-financial firms supported repeal and that bank customers had been denied the benefits of free enterprise for far too long. Erosion and Repeal of Glass-Steagall Another fundamental element of GlassSteagall the wall between commercial and investment banking crumbled in response to market change, and JPMorgan Chase heritage institutions were in the c enter of the action. In 1987, The Chase Manhattan Corp. became the first commercial banking institution to receive Federal Reserve approval to report commercial paper (unsecured short-term corporate debt). Another New York bank previously had been permitted to sell commercial paper as an agent, but Chase was the first to underwrite and deal in paper for its own account.The Fed quickly expanded the scope of the Chase ruling by allowing three major bank holding companies, including J. P. Morgan & Co. combine, to underwrite not only commercial paper but also mortgage-backed securities, municipal revenue bonds and securities backed by consumer receivables. The Federal Reserve further broadened its ruling in 1989 when it granted J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated the authority to underwrite corporate debt, marking the first corporate debt securities offering underwritten by a commercial bank affiliate in the United States since Glass-Steagall was signed into law in 1933.One year later, th e Fed approved Morgans covering to underwrite stocks. In the wake of this landmark ruling, Morgan quickly built a leading investment banking operation and by 1997 was the fourth-largest securities underwriter in the world. Faced with the reality that the GlassSteagall barriers were being dismantled by regulators, Congress in 1999 passed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which removed the remaining barriers and allowed financial companies to participate fully across segments. Among other provisions, the new law allowed banks to acquire full-service brokerage and investment banking firms.Beginning in the 1980s, J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated had developed its investment banking capability through home(a) development. Chase, by contrast, built its capability through merger, starting with the 1999 acquisition of San Francisco investment bank Hambrecht & Quist, a medical specialist in the technology industry. Continuing its expansion, in 2000, Chase bought The Beacon Group, a merger and ac quisition informative and private investment firm, and London-based Robert Fleming Holdings Ltd. , an asset management and investment banking concern. Deregulation and Industry ConsolidationThe emergence of nationwide branch banking was another cornerstone of the changes taking place in financial services. As of 1975, banking was still to begin with a local business. Only 14 states allowed statewide branching, and none permitted out-of-state banks to open branches within their borders. However, pressure for greater branching freedom was mounting, reflecting growing awareness of the consumer convenience of branches, the need for banks to diversify their risks beyond their local markets, and an appear legislative consensus that deregulation would promote freer markets and greater competition.Branching deregulation occurred in the 1980s at the state rather than the federal level. In the period from 17 This graphic from a 1986 First Chicago Corp. internal newsletter identified the se ven Midwest states that adopted reciprocal banking legislation. This permitted across-border bank acquisitions, which predecessors First Chicago Corp. , NBD Bancorp, Inc. and Bank One Corp. aggressively pursued. 1975 through 1990, more than 25 additional states including New York, Ohio, Texas and others in which JPMorgan Chase predecessors operated authorized statewide branching.In 1984, The Chase Manhattan Bank ventured to upstate New York by acquiring Lincoln First Banks Inc. in Rochester. Following the transaction, Chase had 330 branches across the state, the largest branch network in New York. As Illinois anti-branching laws were eased, First Chicago Corp. the holding company for The First National Bank of Chicago made a series of acquisitions to expand its business. In 1984, First Chicago acquired Chicago-based American National Corp. and three years later acquired First United financial work Inc. a five-bank holding company in suburban Chicago. The 1980s also saw the for mation of regional banking zones, representing a major step toward national banking. Banc One Corp. (later Bank One) was specially active in acquiring banks not only in its home state of Ohio but in other states as well. Its first out-of-state acquisition was the purchase of Purdue National Corp. of Lafayette, Indiana, in 1984. By 1994, it owned 81 banks with more than 1,300 branches in 13 states, including banks in Wisconsin (The Marine Corp. , Illinois (Marine Corp. ), Colorado (Affiliated Bankshares of Colorado), Kentucky (Liberty National Bancorp), Oklahoma (Central Banking Group), West Virginia (Key Centurion Bancshares), Arizona (Valley National Corp. ) and Utah (Capital Bancorp). More acquisitions soon followed. Banking zones expanded rapidly in geographic size as more states passed reciprocal banking laws. In 1987, Chemical New York Corp. acquired Texas Commerce Bancshares, Inc. , the largest interstate banking merger in U. S. history at that time, and First Chicago Corp. c quired Beneficial National Bank USA of Wilmington, Delaware, becoming the third-largest issuer of bank credit cards in the United States. The growth of banking zones culminated in 1994 with the passage of the federal Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching force Act, which made national banking the law of the land. Riegle-Neal permitted bank holding companies to buy banks throughout the United States beginning in the fall of 1995 and permitted nationwide branching that is, branch offices owned and operated by a single bank as of June 1997.Many multi-state, multi-bank holding companies soon began to streamline operations by merging their banks. In 1999, Bank One Corp. integrated its banks in Ohio, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois into a single bank with the Bank One name. The 1990s represented a period of mergers and consolidation for the banking industry. Because of consolidation, the number of commercial banks in the United States declined to 7,549 as of mid-2005 from 12,343 at the end of 1990. However, the number of branches and automated teller machines continued to increase, providing consumers with more banking outlets than ever. 18 991 John F. McGillicuddy, left Manufacturers Hanover Corp. Walter V. Shipley, right Chemical Banking Corp. 1995 Richard L. Thomas First Chicago Corp. 1996 Thomas G. Labrecque The Chase Manhattan Corp. Walter V. Shipley Chemical Banking Corp. 1998 Verne G. Istock First Chicago NBD Corp. 2000 Douglas A. Warner III J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated John B. McCoy Banc One Corp. William B. Harrison, Jr. The Chase Manhattan Corp. Verne G. Istock NBD Bancorp, Inc. Key Mergers That Shaped JPMorgan Chase & Co. Many JPMorgan Chase & Co. predecessors took part in the merger movement that began in the early 1990s.Key transactions that led to the formation of JPMorgan Chase include In 1991, Chemical Banking Corp. merged with Manufacturers Hanover Corp. , keeping the name Chemical Banking Corp. , then the secondlargest banking institut ion in the United States. In 1995, First Chicago Corp. merged with NBD Bancorp Inc. , forming First Chicago NBD Corp. , the largest banking company based in the Midwest. In 1996, Chemical Banking Corp. merged with The Chase Manhattan Corp. , keeping the name The Chase Manhattan Corp. and creating what then was the largest bank holding company in the United States. In 1998, Banc One Corp. merged with First Chicago NBD Corp. , taking the name Bank One Corp. Merging subsequently with Louisianas First Commerce Corp. , Bank One became the largest financial services firm in the Midwest, the fourth-largest bank in the United States and the worlds largest Visa credit card issuer. In 2000, The Chase Manhattan Corp. merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated, in effect combining four of the largest and oldest money center banking institutions in New York City (Morgan, Chase, Chemical and Manufacturers Hanover) into one firm called JPMorgan Chase & Co. In 2004, Bank One Corp. merged with J PMorgan Chase & Co. , keeping the name JPMorgan Chase & Co. Fortune magazine said that the combined bank will be big and strong in a panoply of businesses, adding that the deal has been widely lauded by investment analysts. The New York Times said the merger would realign the competitive landscape for banks by mating the investment and commercial banking skills of JPMorgan Chase with the consumer banking strengths of Bank One. In 2008, JPMorgan Chase & Co. acquired The Bear Stearns Companies Inc. strengthening its capabilities across a broad range of businesses, including prime brokerage, cash clearing and energy trading globally. 2004 James Dimon Bank One Corp. William B. Harrison, Jr. JPMorgan Chase & Co. 19 In over 45 years of collecting, JPMorgan Chase & Co. has built an international art collection with great breadth and depth. The collection includes a diverse range of artwork, with representation from every country in which we do business. Tony Cragg Palette, 1980 Painted w ood and found objects JPMorgan Chase & Co.Today JPMorgan Chase & Co. is a leading global financial services firm with operations in more than 50 countries and has its corporate headquarters in New York City. Under the J. P. Morgan and Chase brands, it serves millions of consumers in the United States and many of the worlds most prominent corporate, institutional and government clients. Its six major businesses are coronation Bank J. P . Morgan is one of the worlds leading investment banks, with deep client relationships and broad product capabilities.The Investment Banks clients are corporations, financial institutions, governments and institutional investors. The firm offers a full range of investment banking products and services in all major capital markets. Retail Financial Services Retail Financial Services helps meet the financial needs of consumers and businesses. Under the Chase brand, the consumer business includes credit card, small business, home finance, auto finance, h ome equity loans, education finance and insurance. Card Services Chase Card Services is one of the largest credit card issuers in the United States.The firm offers a wide variety of worldwide purpose cards to satisfy the needs of individual consumers, small businesses and partner organizations. Commercial Banking Commercial Banking serves a variety of clients, including corporations, municipalities, financial institutions and notfor-profit entities. The firms broad platform positions Commercial Banking to deliver extensive product capabilities including lending, treasury services, investment banking and asset management to meet its clients needs.Treasury & Securities Services Treasury & Securities Services is a global leader in providing transaction, investment and information services to support the needs of institutional clients worldwide. Treasury & Securities Services is one of the largest cash management providers in the world and a leading global custodian. summation Manag ement addition Management is a global leader in investment and wealth management. Asset Management clients include institutions, retail investors and high-networth individuals in every major market throughout the world. 20 2. 5. . 4. 3. 10. 11. 12. 13. 8. 7. 6. 9. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. look COVER BACK COVER The JPMorgan Chase Archives Begun in 1975 by Chase Manhattan Bank Chairman David Rockefeller, the JPMorgan Chase Archives is one of the oldest corporate history programs in the United States. Recognized as an important corporate asset and an invaluable resource for financial history, the Archives has continually advanced the firms rich legacy by collecting and preserving historical materials of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its more than 1,000 predecessor institutions worldwide.With over 7,000 feet of records, this extensive collection traces the remarkable origins, developments and achievements of the firm from 1799 to the present and documents key events and business decisions, offer ing valuable insight into the firms mission and vision. 1. South Texas National Bank, Texas Bank clerks, ca. 1900s 2. First National Bank, Youngstown, Ohio Blueprint detail of building facade, 1924 3. The Bank of The Manhattan Co. , New York, New York $100 note, ca. 1830s 4. The National Bank of Commerce, New York, New York $5 note, 1885 5. J. P. Morgan & Co. , New York, New York J. Pierpont and J.P. Jack Morgan, 1912 6. Lincoln-Alliance Bank, Rochester, New York Bronze table leg, early 1900s 7. Rapides Bank of Alexandria, Louisiana Hammond manual typewriter, ca. mid-eighties 8. The First National Bank of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Bronze teller cage, 1931-1932 9. J. P. Morgan & Co. , New York, New York J. Pierpont Morgans M document clip, ca. 1900s 10. Chase National Bank, New York, New York Check processing department, ca. 1940s 11. J. P. Morgan & Co. , Paris, France 14 Place Vendome ceiling by Eugene Lacost, 1860 12. The Bank of The Manhattan Co. , New York, New York Vault lock, ca. 840s 13. The Chase Manhattan Bank, New York, New York Vault, 25 Broadway branch, 1921 14. The First National Bank of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Exterior building clock, 1906 15. Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co. , New York, New York Gold scale, early 20th century 16. Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Co. , Milwaukee, Wisconsin $3 note, ca. 1851-1858 17. The El Paso Bank of Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado $10 note, 1900 18. Chase National Bank, New York, New York Portrait bust of Salmon P. Chase, ca. 1870s Thomas Dow Jones, sculptor 2008 JPMorgan Chase & Co. All rights reserved.